Download - DNA Technology and Genomics
Genetic Engineering/ DNA Technology
3 types of Cloning Technologies:
1. Recombinant DNA Technology/ DNA Cloning
2. Reproductive Cloning
3. Therapeutic Cloning
Recombinant DNA Technology/DNA Cloning
1. Remove the Gene of Interest2. Cut the Plasmid DNA3. Insert the Gene into the Bacterial
Plasmid4. Insert the Recombined Plasmid
into the Bacterial Cell5. Let the Bacteria Reproduce
1. Remove the gene of interest (ex: BGH gene) using restriction enzymes
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences called palindromes . . .
Restriction Enzymes
• The unpaired bases on the sticky ends form bonds with any complementary bases with which they come into contact
3. Insert the Gene of Interest into the Bacterial Plasmid
(The bacterial plasmid is also cut with the restriction enzyme, leaving sticky ends)
Basic Versus Applied Research
Basic research
• no profit motive or direct commercial application – generally government funded
Applied research
• immediate and profitable application – generally privately funded
Reproductive Cloning
• Technology used to generate an animal that has the same nuclear DNA as another curretly or previously existing animal
Results of Nuclear Transfer Experiments
There were 277 failures before this nuclear transfer technique succeeded;
Reproductive Cloning
• Dolly was put to sleep at the age of 6 in 2003
• She was suffering from arthritis and a progressive lung disease
• These are usually only seen in old sheep
Therapeutic Cloning/ Embryo Cloning
• Instead of cloning entire organisms, there is therapeutic cloning
• Stem cells are induced to turn into specific tissue cells
Many organisms have genome projects that have either been completed or will be completed shortly, including
:
•Humans•Neanderthal•Haemophilus influenzae, a bacterium•Common House Mouse•Brown Rat•Common Chimpanzee•Rhesus Monkey•Domestic Chicken•Domestic Cat•Domestic Dog•Common fruit fly•Baker's yeast
Many organisms have genome projects that have either been completed or will be completed shortly, including
•Red bread mold,
•Thale Cress
•Rice
•Common Wheat
•Corn
•Poplar Tree
•E. coli bacteria
•SARS virus
•Nematode worm
•Zebra fish
•Tomato
•Potato
•Western Honey Bee
•Grapevine
•Spanish flu virus
The Human Genome Project
• These were used as model organisms in genetic studies
• These model organisms contain genes that are the same as human genes
Gene Therapy
• Once the genetics are worked out, gene therapy can be researched
• Replacing defective genes with functional ones
– Germ line gene therapy in embryos– Somatic cell gene therapy in
individual somatic cells in affected tissues
Gene Therapy
• Non disease causing virus is genetically engineered with the functioning gene that is needed in SCID patients
• The virus infects the immune cells and the immune cells get the functioning gene
Gene Therapy
• Treatment for SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)
• Gene therapy in cells of the immune system
Somatic Gene Therapy
• is not widely used
• Is only for single gene disorders with cells that can be removed, engineered and then replaced in the body
Somatic Gene Therapy
• The condition may still be passed to offspring, because somatic cell gene therapy does not treat all the cells in the body
1.Treat Cancer
2. Gene Therapy to treat inherited form of blindness is successful!
Recent Successes in Gene Therapy
Genetic Engineers CanModify Food
• Transgenic organisms are produced when a gene from one organism is incorporated into the genome of another
• The more popular term for transgenic organisms is GMO, for genetically modified organism
• GM foods means genetically modified
Genetically Modified Foods in the U.S. Diet
• Over half of all food in U.S. market contain at least some GM foods
– Most soybeans grown are modified for herbicide resistance
– GM corn – an ingredient in most processed foods – is common as well
– GM canola and cottonseed oils are used in a huge range of food products
FDA Regulations
• Manufactures must get FDA approval for an food not generally recognized as safe (GRAS), including new genetically engineered food substances
• The FDA declared milk from rBGH cows safe for consumption in 1993