DMR Protocol Introduction
Prepared by: Samuel ChiaDate: 08-Apr-2009
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Content
1) Introduction
2) Benefits of DMR Protocol
3) System Configuration
4) Channel Structure
5) Modulation
6) Operational scenarios
7) Burst Format
8) Protocol specs
9) Possible improvements
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IntroductionWhy DMR was pursued?
1)Declining Indirect market business. Create new business to churn analog based systems.
2)Mandate by FCC that non frequency efficient (>= 12.5kHz equipment) will not be approved after 2005 due to congestion. However we now know that it has been postponed to 2011. And all Public safety equipment has to be migrated by 2013.
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IntroductionProtocol Development History
2001 – Evaluation of DIIS (intended ETSI DMR protocol).
2002 – Draft a new 4FSK TDMA protocol (F2) for APCO P25 and DMR. Goal is to use for both products.
2003 – Protocol Prototyping start.
2004 – Start Product Development.
– Start F2 protocol standardization with ETSI(Goal: Define the air interface. Define minimum set of voice and data features)
2005 – F2 Approved by ETSI and included in DMR First Version
2007 – First DMR Product Ship Accepted
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Benefits of DMR Protocol1. Spectrum efficiency via TDMA
1. 2X users, capacity and throughput
2. Allows 2 simultaneous calls through 1 repeater
2. Improved basic capabilities
1. Range improvement
2. Increased audio quality – ”Noise Cancellation and Digital Voice”
3. Improved battery life (Improve from 8 hours to 12 hours)
4. Enhanced Features (Test Messaging and Better Call handling)
Slot 1 Slot 2
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Spectrum Efficiency via TDMA
12.5kHz Channel 12.5kHz Channel
12.5kHz TDMA• Divides existing channel into
two timeslots• Delivers twice the capacity
through the repeater• Performance is same or better
than 12.5kHz FDMA• 1 repeater does work of 2; also
reduces combining equipment• ETSI Tier 2 Standard for
licensed bands• Enables 40% increase in radio
battery life
frequency
time
12.5kHz Channel
Regulatory emissions mask
Slot 1Slot 2
Slot 1Slot 2
Slot 1
6.25kHzSub- Channel
6.25kHzSub- Channel
Slot 2
Slot 1
12.5kHz FDMA• Today, Analog• 1 voice for each 12.5kHz
channel• 1 repeater for each channel
6.25kHz FDMA• Could squeeze into 12.5kHz
channels but with reduced power.
• Performance degraded • reduced range• more interference
• Need 1 repeater for each sub-channel; cannot combine repeaters to share antenna site
• ETSI Tier 1 Standard for licensed bands
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Improved Digital Audio Quality and Range
- Clearer voice over a greater rangeDigital error-correction technology permits audio and digital communications with no loss
- Improved rangeImproved audio above min acceptable quality provide better range performance.
- Static and noise rejectionDigital receivers reject any error signals, permitting improved audio in loud environments
Excellent
Poor
Audi
o qu
ality
Strong WeakSignal strength
Minimal acceptable audio
Digital audio
Analog audio
Improved audio
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Increased Audio Quality1) AMBE++ is a proven vocoder to
have significant improved audio quality compared to Analog 25kHz channel. For a 12.5kHz channel, the MOS would be expected to be lower.
2) Noise Suppression technology is built into the vocoder which will improve audio quality in noisy environment. This gives significantly better background noise immunity compared to analog systems which has limited noise suppression capability.
MOS – Mean Opinion Score
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Improved Battery Life
5/5/90 Duty Cycle
TDMA Tx is 30ms ON and 30ms OFF. This means that Tx current is about half of what it is in FDMA
40% Battery Life Improvement with TDMA
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One-to-All
Allows all on the same channel to
hear communications
Enhanced Features – Digital Calling and Signaling
One-to-One
Call and talk privately with a
specific user’s radio
One-to-Many
Enables communication with
specific sets of group members
NOTE: This also applies to Text Messaging where a user can type a message and send to the intended recipients.
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System Configurations
Up-link
Down-link
Up-link
Down-link
To other systems To PSTN/Intranet/Internet
f1
f1f1 f1
f1
Direct Mode Configuration
Repeater Mode Configuration
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12
System Configurations
DMR uses a 2:1 TDMA protocol, allows more conventional system configurations than a FDMA protocol. The following modes being used:-1. 12.5e repeater mode - Slot 1 use for voice, Slot 2 use for data
2. 6.25e repeater mode - Both slot 1 & 2 use for voice or data (Slot 1 user cannot use Slo2 and vice versa)
3. 12.5kHz direct mode – Only one slot is being used. One call per 12.5kHz bandwidth.
(There are future intended operations which I will discuss in later slides)
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Channel Structure (Repeater)1. Example of 2 simultaneous voice
call on one repeater
2. Outbound signaling is labeled “BS Tx” and inbound signaling is labeled “MS Tx”.
3. As shown figure the outbound channel contain a CACH (Common Announcement Channel)
1 1 1 1 1 12 2 2 2 2 2 1 21 1 1 1 1 12 2 2 2 2 2 1 21 1 1 1 1 12 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 11 1 1 1 1 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 11 1 1 1 1 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
MS TX
BS TX
TimeTime
TDMA burst(30 msec)
TDMA frame(60 msec)
Guard TimeGuard Time
CACHCACH Sync/EmbeddedSync/Embedded
Repeater
Slot 1 Freq. 1
Slot 2 Freq. 2Slot 2 Freq. 1
Slot 1 Freq. 2
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Channel Structure (Direct Mode)
1. Example of 1 subscriber calling another in direct mode
Subscriber 1 Slot 1 Freq 1
Subscriber 2 Slot 1 Freq 1
LCHdrLCHdr
VoiceVoice VoiceVoice VoiceVoice Voice VoiceVoiceVoiceVoice VoiceVoiceVoiceVoice
Time
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4FSK Modulation for 12.5 kHz Channel Bandwidth
Modulation Type: 4 FSK, 4 level Frequency Shift Keying
Bit Rate: 9600 bits/second
Deviation index h=0.27 Symbol 01 = 1.944 kHz
Symbol 00 = 0.648 kHz
Symbol 10 = - 0.648 kHz
Symbol 11 = -1.944 kHz
Modulation
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Modulation (Power Profile)
+4 dBc
0 Watts
Slot Boundary
1.5ms
+1 dBc
-3 dBc
0 dBc
TTR Timing signal from OptA_Sel3
27.5ms, Td(132 valid data symbols)
Slot center
(1.5ms)
Ts1
Slot Boundary30ms
-1 dBc
Antenna Switch turned off here
Te1
1.25ms 6symbol period
-60 dBc
Antenna Switch turned on here
Ramp down starts
-57 dBm
TsTe
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Modulation (Power Profile)
27.5ms data
1.5ms ramp up /down
2.5ms guard time
Slot 1 Slot 2
30ms
1) This is a transmission of 2 radios in repeater mode. 2) The guard time specified is for slots power ramping
and also Time Advance scenarios.
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Super Frame with Header & Terminator
A B C D E FVH VT…
1 Super Frame
Voice Call Scenario
Voice calls start with a Voice Header to allow the receiving party to sync and determine if the call is to the intended recipient.Then the voice data is transmitted in the superframes.Voice Terminator indicated end of voice call. It must be sent after a voice superframe is complete.
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Voice Super Frame (Direct mode)
A B C D E F
48 bit sync pattern Emb LC (32 x 4 bit) Null(32 bit)
Voice Call Scenario
The first burst of a superframe contain a sync burst. This allows late entry calls.Embedded LC is sent in the next 4 burst. This LC contains the source ID, destination ID and call type.The null burst does not contain any embedded signaling data.
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Each Voice Frame (VF) = 20 ms (72 bits)
Each Slot will contain 3 VF
A F C D F F AB E F
VF1 VF2 VF3
60 mS
30 mS
AMBE+2 Encode
AMBE+2 Decode
Voice Call Scenario
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2 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 22 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
Time
DataBlockDataBlock
DataHdrDataHdr
DataBlockDataBlock
DataBlockDataBlock
DataBlockDataBlock
DataBlockDataBlock
DataBlockDataBlock
DataBlockDataBlock
DataBlockDataBlock
LastBlockLastBlock
Data transmissions do not carry embedded LC information (always sync) Confirmed and Unconfirmed data send
HeaderData BlocksLast Data Block
Confirmed Data ResponseHeader Data Blocks (Only if destination requests retransmission of blocks that failed block CRC)
Data Call Scenario
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Data Message Decomposition
Message broken up into fragments Data Packet composed of
Data HeaderMessage/Fragment data
IP datagram of arbitrary length
Fragment 1
Block 1 Hdr Block Block m
Break into blocks
Time
1 122 2 1 12 2
Fragment n Fragment 2
Break into fragments
…..
….. Block m is the lastdata block of a fragment
Building a data packet,which may havetwo header blocks
Data Call Scenario
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Individual Call via repeater
HdrHdr
1 1 1 1 1 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
MS1 TX
Repeater TX
1 1 1 1 1 12 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
MS2 TX
TimeTime
1 1 1 1 1 12 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
ACKACK
VoiceVoice VoiceVoiceAlertReq
ACKACKAlertReq HdrHdr VoiceVoiceIdleIdle IdleIdle IdleIdle IdleIdleIdleIdle IdleIdle IdleIdle IdleIdle IdleIdle IdleIdle
This is a case of one subscriber making an individual call to another subscriber.Request and ACK are Data Bursts (Data Slot Type = Control)Voice Header is a Data Burst (Data Slot Type = Voice LC Header)
Repeater Voice Call Scenario
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Burst Structure (Generic)
30 msec (288 bits)
27.5 msec (264 bits)
Burst Contents Burst ContentsSync or
EmbeddedSignaling
Gua
rd/C
AC
H
Gua
rd/C
AC
H
D
VoiceBurstVoiceBurstVoiceBurstVoiceBurstVoiceBurstVoiceBurst
D
LCHrd
Data Sync
LCHrd
Data SyncData Sync
Superframe = 360 msecSuperframe = 360 msec
VoiceBurst
Voice Sync
A
VoiceBurst
Voice Sync
VoiceBurst
Voice SyncVoice Sync
A C
VoiceBurstVoiceBurstVoiceBurst
C E
VoiceBurstVoiceBurstVoiceBurst
EBB
VoiceBurstVoiceBurstVoiceBurst
F
VoiceBurstVoiceBurstVoiceBurst
VoiceTerm
Data SyncData Sync
VoiceTermVoiceTerm
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Subscriber Inbound TX TDMA Frame in Repeater Mode
TDMAburstcenter
SYNC or embeddedsignaling
PayloadPayload
TDMAburstcenter
SYNC or embeddedsignaling
PayloadPayload
30,0 ms 30,0 ms
TDMA frame
Timeslot 1 Timeslot 2
2,5 ms
Subscriber #1 Subscriber #2
Burst Structure (Rptr Inbound)
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Repeater Outbound TX TDMA Frame
SYNC or embeddedsignaling
PayloadPayloadSYNC or embeddedsignaling
PayloadPayload
TDMAburstcenter
TDMAburstcenter
CACHburstcenter
CA
CH
CA
CH
CA
CH
CA
CH
CA
CH
CA
CH
30,0 ms 30,0 ms
TDMA frame
Timeslot 1 Timeslot 2
2,5 ms
Burst Structure (Rptr Outbound)
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Generic Burst With Sync
Inbound/outbound sync patternsVoice/data sync patternsReverse channel sync pattern
5.0 msec5.0 msec
PayloadPayload
48 bits48 bits
SyncSync
27.5 msec27.5 msec
Inbound Voice Sync PatternOutbound Voice Sync PatternInbound Data Sync PatternOutbound Data Sync PatternReverse Channel Sync Pattern
• Direct Mode uses only Inbound Sync Patterns• This is one of the essential Patents by Motorola.
Burst Structure (Generic Sync)
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Vocoder DVSI AMBE+2 (Enhanced Half Rate)3600 bps for voice + FEC
2450 bps voice1150 bps FEC
Three 20 msec vocoder frames per Voice Burst60 ms audio per burst
Voice Burst with Sync
Frame 1 (72) Frame 2 (36) Frame 2 (36) Frame 3 (72)
VC1 VC2 VC3Vocoder Frame 1 Vocoder Frame 2 Vocoder Frame 3
27,5 msec
SYNC (48)
Burst Structure (Voice w/ Sync)
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Voice Burst With Embedded Signaling
EMB (Embedded Framing)CC (Color Code) – Differentiates signaling that originates at another site PI (Privacy Indicator) – Status of scrambling/encryptionLCSS (LC Start Stop) – Indicates that this burst contains the beginning, end, or continuation of embedded signalingParity – FEC Parity bits for EMB field
Embedded Signaling - Call type, Source and Destination IDs (Link Control information)
27,5 ms
CC PI LCSS
EMB Parity
Voice (108) Voice (108)Embeddedsignaling (32)
EM
B (
8)
EM
B (
8)
Burst Structure (Voice w/ Emb)
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Data/Control Burst
Slo
t Typ
e (1
0)
Slo
t Typ
e (1
0)
Info (98) Info (98)SYNC orembeddedsignaling (48)
27,5 ms
Data TypeCC
FEC Parity
FEC Parity
Info – Data or control payload + FECCC (Color Code) – Differentiates signaling that originates at another siteData Type – Indicates the type of control or data that is being carriedFEC Parity – Golay (20,8) FEC Parity bits for Slot Type field
Voice LC Header
Terminator with LC
Control Block
Data Header
Rate ½ Data
Rate ¾ Data
Idle
Burst Structure (Data/Control)
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Info (98)Info (98) Info (98)Info (98)SYNCSYNCS
lot T
ype (
10)
Slo
t T
ype (
10)
Slo
t T
ype (
10)
Slo
t T
ype (
10)
Interleaver
BPTC(196, 96) Encoder
Interleaver
BPTC(196, 96) Encoder
InterleaverInterleaver
BPTC(196, 96) EncoderBPTC(196, 96) Encoder
CSBK (96)CSBK (96)
27.5 msec27.5 msec
Burst Structure (CSBK)
96 bit CSBK (80 bits of signaling + 16 bits of CRC) can be carried in a single data/controlUse for radio command such as Radio Check, Radio Uninhibit/Inhibit, Call Alert and Radio Unit Monitor.
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AT (Access Type) – Indicate whether slot is busy or idleTC (TDMA Channel) – Indicates whether inbound and outbound burst is channel 1 or 2LCSS (LC Start Stop)– Indicates that this burst contains the beginning, end, or continuation of CACH signalingCACH Signaling (4 CACH) – This contains a Short LC burst for scan time improvement.FEC – FEC Parity bits for CACH Burst
Outbound burst
30,0 ms 30,0 ms
TDMA frame
CA
CH
CA
CH
(24
)
CA
CH
CA
CH
(24
)
CA
CH
CA
CH
(24
)
Outbound burst
AT TC LCSS FEC
CACH signaling
Burst Structure (CACH)
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Protocol Specifications 1. Bandwidth: 12.5kHz2. Modulation Type: 4FSK (4 level Frequency Shift Keying)3. Channel Type: 2-Slot TDMA.4. Data rate: 9600 bits/second5. Single slot protocol data rate outbound: 4800 bits/second6. Single slot protocol data rate inbound: 4400 bits/second7. Single slot voice data rate (Voice with FEC data rate): 3600
bits/second8. Single slot raw data payload rate: 1600 bits/second.9. Audio Throughput Delay: ~400ms10. System Access Time:
• Group Call, Direct Mode, With TPT = ~600ms• Group Call, Repeater Mode, With TPT = ~1000ms• Individual Call, Direct Mode, With TPT = ~1100ms• Individual Call, Direct Mode, With TPT = ~1500ms
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Audio Throughput Delay
1. The cause of the delays is purely in the software. It can be due to buffering delays and encoding and decoding delays due to the chosen protocol. The DMR protocol is expected to have a much longer audio throughput delay compared to Analog systems.
2. The Analog System Delays can be in the order to 20 to 40ms. However the Digital System Delays can be in the order of 300ms to 500ms. This large delays is mainly due to the slotting of the voice and also the voice compression adaptation time.
Press PTTTalk Permit Tone
Audio (1kHz Tone)
Tx
Audio (1kHz Tone)
Rx
Audio Throughput Delay
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System access time
Press PTTTalk Permit Tone
Audio (1kHz Tone)
Tx
Audio (1kHz Tone)
Rx
System Access Time
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Possible Future Improvements
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Reverse Burst Transmission
TimeTime
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
TXTraffic
TXTraffic
TXTraffic
TXTraffic
TXTraffic
TXTraffic
TXTraffic
TXTraffic
TXTraffic
TXTraffic
TXTraffic
TXTraffic
Tx Radio
Rx Radio
Tx Reverse Burst
1. Rx radio is able to Tx a short burst of control information to the Tx radio.
2. This burst can be used for feature like Tx interrupt, Rx Ack, Power control…..
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Reverse Burst Power
• The instantaneous power must be contained within the mask
• Since the slot is only 10ms, there will not be any risk of inter-slot interference.
+1 dBp
+4 dBp
-1 dBp
0 Watts
2.5 ms2.5 ms
2.5 ms
Region A Region CRegion B
Slot Center
2.5 ms
5 ms
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Single Frequency Repeater System
Only one 12.5kHz B W channel for inbound and outbound traffic
Tx on one slot, repeated on other slot
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Full Duplex Calls
1. Full duplex calls is where it operates like a hand-phone where the Tx and Rx audio is going on simultaneously.
2. This will require Slot 1 to be used as Tx and Slot 2 to b used as RX.
3. However in doing this, the Tx to Rx time is only 2.5ms and thus is too short to allow the HW locking to happen. This is currently not possible with current HW technology.
TDMAburstcenter
SYNC or embeddedsignaling
PayloadPayload
TDMAburstcenter
SYNC or embeddedsignaling
PayloadPayload
30,0 ms 30,0 ms
TDMA frame
Timeslot 1 Timeslot 2
2,5 ms
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Direct Mode 2-Slot operation
uC RF
Radio Unit (A)
30ms
1. The DMR protocol does support 2 simultaneous calls in direct mode operation.
2. This new operational feature is an addition to the DMR protocol to overcome this limitation.
3. Basically, when A is transmitting to B, Radio C will also be able to transmit to D after locking on to radio A’s timing.
RF uC
Radio Unit (B)
uC RF
Radio Unit (C)
RF uC
Radio Unit (D)
Radio C user
presses PTT
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MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Motorola, Inc. 2005
Pseudo Trunk Operation
uC RF
Radio Unit (A)
30ms
Rptr
30ms
Busy Busy BusyIdle Idle
RF uC
Radio Unit (B)
uC RF
Radio Unit (C)
uC RF
Radio Unit (D)
1. In the defined DMR protocol, the radios will be allocated to a specific repeater slot and only use that slot even-though the other slot is not busy.
2. This new protocol is to allow radios to utilize any slot number if it is idle (No Activity).
3. Imagine Radio A is transmitting a private call to radio B.4. Radios in the vicinity of the repeater (C and D) will see that there is a Idle slot
and can decide to use it.
Motorola Document Classification, File Name, Rev NumberAdd additional legal text here if required by your local Legal Counsel.
MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Motorola, Inc. 2005
Conference Call (DGNA)
1. Another feature that is planned to be included in future products is a new calling mode.
2. This new calling mode will allow a use to specifically select a couple of radio users to be re-allocated to a temporary group ID to have a call.
3. This mode of operation is like a Skype conference call when you can select a couple of people to join a voice call.
Send temporary regrouping to selected target radios.