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SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORTCOVER BLOCK
Cover blocks are placed to prevent the steel rods from touching the shutteringplates and there by providing a minimum cover and fix the reinforcements as per
the design drawings . Sometimes it is commonly
Larsen & Toubro Construction
(8 June 3 July !"#$
APURVA NAIK
REG NO. - 120904666
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MANIPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
MANIPAL UNIVERSITY, KARNATAKA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I. I would like to extend my gratitude to Larsen &Toubro
Construction Management for providing the excellentopportunityto have exposure of the project !L" The Crest#
II. I am grateful to Mr# $%%' ()%*M%#+ Mr# %(L%M+ ,,(!ept#+ Mr# '%*-()+ (tructure#+ !ept#+ Mr# %nuj(aini and Mr# %jay (harma+ .uality !ept#+ Mr# /aushikin the $lant & Machinery !ept#+ Mr#M0(I' /)%'#+ Mr#
1%2 /3M%*#+ Mr# (3!-() /r#+ Mr# %(I"#+ & Mr#M%'4I'!-*#+ "inishing !ept#+ who guided andencouraged me through the summer training andimparted in depth knowledge of the project#
AMRESH TIWARI
(CIVIL ENGINEERING
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INDEX
(#'0# TITL- $%5-'0#
6 I'T*0!3CTI0'
7 $*01-CT )I5)LI5)T &
I'"0*M%TI0'
8 (%"-T2
9 M%T-*I%L Cement
(and
%ggregate
(teel
,lock
Marble
Tile 5ypsum
"lyash
,ond
Curing Compound
: .3%LIT2 C0'T*0L & MI; !-(I5'
< $L%'T & M%C)I'-*2
= ,%* ,-'!I'5 (C)-!3L-
> ()3TT-*I'5 & "0*M0*/
? (T*3CT3*-
"ooting
Column
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,eam
(lab
(taircase
(hear all
6@ "I'I()I'5
Layout of ,lockwork & Ledge
wall
I$( "looring
Marble "looring
5ypsum $laster (unken %rea water prooAng &
Alling
Tile work
"all Celling
$aint
66 C0'(T*3CTI0' $L%''I'5
67 ,ILLI'5
68 C0'CL3(I0'
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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
ABOUT THE ORGANISATIONLarsen & Toubro Limited+ also known as L&T+ was founded
by !anish engineers B(oren /ristian Toubro & )enning
)olckLarsenD+ is an Indian multinational conglomerate
headEuartered in Mumbai+ India# The company has
business interests in engineering+ construction+
manufacturing goods+ information technology and
Anancial services+ and also has an oFce in the Middle-ast#
Larsen & Toubro Construction is IndiaGs largest
construction organiHation# Many of the countrys priHed
landmarks its exEuisite buildings+ tallest structures+
largest industrial projects+ longest Jyover+ and highest
viaducts have been built by it# Leadingedge capabilities
cover every discipline of constructionK civil+ mechanical+
electrical and instrumentation#
BUILDING & FACTORIES
The ,uildings & "actories Independent Company is
eEuipped with the domain knowledge+ structures# $rojects
are executed using the cutting edge technology+sophisticated construction eEuipment and projectmanagement tools for Euality+ safety and speed#
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QUALITY POLICY
%t L&T+ -nvironment+ )ealth & (afety B-)(D is given the
highest priority# The -)( policy enunciated by theCorporate Management lays emphasis on -nvironment+)ealth and (afety through a structured approach and
well deAned practices# (ystems and procedures have
been established for implementing the reEuisites atall stages of Construction and they are accredited to the
International standards of I(0 ?@@6K7@@>+ I(0 69@@6K7@@9
and 0)(%( 6>@@6K7@@=#
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:
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VISION & MISSION
VISION
L&T shall be professionally managed Indian multinationalcommitted to total customer satisfaction and enhancingshareholder value# L&T shall be an innovativeentrepreneurial and empowered team constantly
creating value and attaining global benchmarks# L&Tshall foster a culture of caring trust and continuouslearning while meeting expectations of employees+stakeholders and society#
MISSION
To achieve excellence in the Aeld of -ngineering+$rocurement and Construction through world class
practice and standards in Euality+ (afety and $rojectManagement#
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CHAPTER 2 : PROJECT
HIGHLIGHTS
Clie! DLF Li"i!e#
P$%e'! N("e T)e C$e*!
P$%e'! M((+e$ MACE G$%,-
L!#.
A$')i!e'!,$(l C%*,l!(! A$')i!e'! H(/ee0
C%!$('!%$S!$,'!,$(l C%*,l!(! M(i*)
Q,(!i! S,$e%$ L(+#(
L(#*'(-e Gee$ C%3,$
MEPF & T$(4'C%*,l!(!
5SP
C%!$('!%$ L&T
L%'(!i% PAR6 DRIVE7 DLF 87
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There are many consultants involved in this project as shown
belowK
? P$%e'! M((+e$:9 MACE C%*! (# P$%e'!
M((+e"e! P!. L!#.
They are assigned to the $roject by the 0wner and
charged
with overall management of the project and
associated cost and programme issues#
? A$')i!e'!,$(l '%*,l!(!: 9A$')i!e'! H(/ee0
C%!$('!%$ #
Their role is to plan creative and innovative
building design solutions for the clients#
? S!$,'!,$(l '%*,l!(!: M(i*) C%*,l!(!*
Their role in the project is to work out complete
*CC design of the columns+ beams+ slabs and
the retaining wall and is done on the base of the
%rchitectural drawing#
? MEPF '%*,l!(!: 9 5SP
Their role is to consult the clients in the Aeld of
%ir Conditioning+ 4entilating+ -lectrical $ower
and Lighting+ "ire %larm+ "ire $rotection and
$lumbing#
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? L(#*'(-e '%*,l!(!: 9Gee$ C%3,$ H,!')i*
They are involved in the planning+ design and
direction of a landscape+ garden or distinct
space#
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PROJECT INFROMATION
The Crest is a part of -lite housing (ystem# It is located at
$ark !rive+ !L" :+ (ector :9 5urgaon+ )aryana (tate+India# It is within the premium !L" $hase 4 community on
the 5olf Course *oad#
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The project is close to 5urgaon "aridabad *oad#
The recently commissioned Indira 5andhi International
BI5ID %irport+ T8+ is approximately 8: minutes from the
proposed site and 7@ minutes from !L" Cyber City# It is
approximately 6@ minutes from )3!% City Centre Metro
(tation providing connectivity further on to !elhi and
'C* *egion#
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The Main "eatures of $roject are as followsK
? )igh *ise *esidential Towers
? 8 Towers 5 8> story high Tower %+ ,+ C
? 8 Towers 5 7= story high Tower !+ -+ "? 9 Levels of ,asement
? =#>77 %cres+ 8:+=@7m7
? Clubhouse with community swimming pool + gymnasium+
etc#
? 0verall built up area 8+66 persons
? (urface $arking == vehicles
? Covered Car $arks 76>=
? Car $arks per apartment 7 & 8
? ,asement %rea ?8+?=7#?>m7
? Total )eight of the Tower%+ , and C above 5L 68@#7m
? Total )eight of the Tower!+ - and " above 5L ?8#:>:m
? 0verall -lectrical !emand ?+8== /
? 0verall $otable ater !emand :68 /L!
? 0verall "lushing ater !emand 76@ /L!
? Treated aste ater 3se 8=< /L!
? 0verall ,ack up $ower < x 7+@@@/4%
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2
The project site is divided into two Hones namely Tower
None and 'on Tower None# Tower None includes ,lock%+
,lock,+ ,lockC+ ,lock!+ ,lock- and ,lock"# 'on TowerNone includes *etaining all and many amenities such as
,asketball Court+ (wimming $ool+ 7 Tennis Courts+ Club
)ouse and 5ymnasium#
There will be 8 gates for the entry and exit each provided
with a >m wide driveway# 6 gate is near to ,lock % for
,lock %+ ,lock , and ,lock C# 7nd gate is near to ,lock
" for ,lock !+ ,lock - and ,lock
F. 8rd gate is provided for the Club )ouse which is provided
with a :m
wide driveway# The >m wide driveway is provided for
transportation
which includes two 8#:m lanes separated by a median of
width 6m#
Towers are facilitated with 8 to 9 ,)/ luxurious Jats and :
,)/ $ent )ouse "lats# < lifts are provided in each tower
and 6 separate service lift is also provided in Tower%+
Tower, and TowerC respectively# 0n the other hand only
< lifts are provided in Tower!+ Tower- and Tower"# 7
staircases are provided in each tower#
alkways are provided which connect all the blocks witheach other and also to the Club )ouse+ Tennis Courts+
,asketball Court+ (wimming $ool etc# The walkways are
provided at a slope near the entrance of the block and
these are kept at a higher elevation as compared to the
other part which can be beneAcial during monsoon as the
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problem of water logging near the entrance can be solved
easily#
L(i+ %/ T%e$ C$(e* K Tower Cranes are provided one for
Tower%+ one forTowerC# These 7 tower cranes are shared for the work of Tower,#
0ne Tower Crane is provided for Tower! and one tower crane
is provided for Tower"#
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These 7 tower cranes are shared for the work of Tower-# Tower Crane
of %+ C+ !
are of radius ::m and Tower crane of tower " is of 9:m#
CHA!TER " # SA$ET%(afety is must prior thing for construction# Labour and
staO protection is must reEuire for smooth progress of
work# 'ow a dayGs safety plays major role in construction
as it contains certain percentage# %ccording to safety+
construction company get certiAcate from government
and it contain contains certain percentage which deAne
companyGs market value# (o safety also plays major role
for getting project#
*ole of the safety personal isK
a. To check whether everyone is having all safety
eEuipmentGs or notP
b. To check the scaOolding and approve it for use P
c. To be at the site of concreting P
d. To give the Arstaid in case of any minor injuryPe. To give regular Tool ,ox to the laboursP
SAFETY TRAININGThe Contractor is responsible for conducting allnecessary training including+ Mobile -Euipment+(caOolding erection and use+ safe excavation+ safeelectrical practices+ proper use of lifting eEuipment and
other related issues# Training is being taken in form ofinduction training for each employee new on the site+speciAc training and tool box meetings Bon the jobtrainingD#
The Contractors Manager of )(- department and the
safety personals provides and conducts all induction
safety training# 'o access to the site is allowed without
Arst attending and completing this training# The
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induction training is encompassing the following itemsK
a. (peciAcs of the plant industrial haHards
b. %larm+ site evacuation+ personnel counting+ resumption ofwork
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c. (ite safety rules and procedures
d. Local laws+ rules and regulations
e. Contractual stipulations
f. 'ear miss and accidents reporting
g. "ire protection
h. )ousekeeping
i. *ewards and disciplinary action policy
-)( $olicy !escriptionK L&T strongly emphasiHes on-nvironment+ )ealth and (afety# 0ne of the prime aspects
of this policy is to ensure that minimum wastage is done+
and no harm is caused to environment+ along with propersafety and health of the working staO# %ccording to the
policy+
Q %ll adverse -nvironment Impacts & accidents arepreventable#
Q 'o task is so important that risk of injury to people is
justiAed#
Q orking safely is a condition of employment#
Q (afety is a top driven function#
L&T focuses its work on (afety and .uality# -)(
policy is very important+ and all the rules pertaining to
safety on site have to befollowed at all times#
5i# B($$ie$* K These are provided along the edge of thebuilding for
the safety of the workers as well as the employees# These
are very necessary as the height of the construction
exceeds 7:8@m from the ground#
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$ressuriHed (taircases+ lifts+ lobbies and lift shafts are
provided for better Are safety evacuation#
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PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
? HEAD PROTECTION
$rotecting employees from potential head injuries is a keyelement of any safety program# % head injury can impair
an employee for life or it can be fatal# earing a safety
helmet or hard hat is one of the easiest ways to protect
an employees head from#injury# -mployers must
ensure that their employees wear head protection if
any of the following applyK
a. 0bjects might fall from above and strike them on the
headPb. They might bump their heads against Axed objects+
such as exposed pipes or beamsP or
c. There is a possibility of accidental head contactwith electrical haHards#
-'5I'--* -L-CT*ICI%' L%,03* (3$-*4I(0*
SAFETY HELMETIn general+ protective helmets or hard hats should do thefollowingK
a. *esist penetration by objects#
b. %bsorb the shock of a blow#
c. ,e waterresistant and slow burning
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? REFLECTIVE JAC6ET
0ne of the biggest dangers on any jobsite is visibility#hether itGs keeping workers safe from traFc or
helping them stand out to eEuipment drivers onsite+high visibility and reJective clothing is important for
maintaining the safety of your employees on the job#)igh visibility jackets can be incorporated into
reEuired
workwear that promotes
safety#
?
FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION-mployees who face possible foot or leg injuries from
falling or rolling objects or from crushing or penetrating
materials should wear protective footwear# If an
employees feet may be exposed to electrical haHards+
nonconductive footwear should be worn# 0n the other
hand+ workplace exposure to static electricity may
necessitate the use of conductive footwear#
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SAFETY SHOES6>
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? FACE PROTECTION-mployees Bworkers and engineersD can be exposedto a large number of haHards that pose danger totheir eyes and face# -mployees must have
appropriate eye or face protection if they are exposedto eye or face haHards from Jying particles+ moltenmetal+ liEuid chemicals+ chemical gases or vapours+ orpotentially harmful light radiation#
SAFETY MAS6
6?
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? EYE PROTECTION FOR EXPOSED 5OR6ERS
)(- department suggests that eye protection be
routinely considered for use by carpenters+
electricians+ and pipeAtters+ grinding machineoperators+ sawyers+ welders+ labourers+ and timber
cutting and logging workers# -mployers of workers in
other job categories should decide whether there is aneed for eye and
face $$- through a haHard assessment#
EYEPROTECTION
-xamples of potential eye or face injuries includeK
a. !ust+ dirt+ metal or wood chips entering the eye
from activities such as chipping+ grinding+ sawing+
hammering+ the use of power tools or even strong windforces#
b. 0bjects swinging into the eye or face+ such as
tree limbs+ chains+ tools or ropes#
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? HAND AND ARM PROTECTION
-mployers should explore all possible engineeringand work practice controls to eliminate haHardsand use $$- to provide additional protection
against haHards that cannot be completely eliminatedthrough other means#
TYPES OF PROTECTIVE GLOVES
There are many types of gloves available today toprotect against a wide variety of haHards# The nature
of the haHard and the operation involved will aOect
the selecting the right pair of gloves challenging# Thefollowing are examples of some factors that may
inJuence the selection of protective gloves for a
workplace#
a. Type of chemicals handled#
b. 'ature of contact Btotal immersion+ splash+ etc#D#
c. !uration of contact#
d.
%rea reEuiring protection Bhand only+ forearm+ armD#e. 5rip reEuirements Bdry+ wet+ oilyD#
f. %brasionRresistance reEuirements#
FABRIC AND COATED FABRIC GLOVES
HAND GLOVE
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? 5OR6ING AT HEIGHT
"alls from heights are a signiAcant problem on
construction sites+ resulting in serious injury and
death of workers# "or the victims+ their families andthe community+ each injury is one too many# It is not
just the young and inexperienced workers that
may be injured# -xperience is no guarantee ofimmunity from injury#
a. Temporary work platforms risks must be controlled
through
the use of stable and securely fenced work
platforms Bsuch as scaOolding or other forms ofportable work platformD#
b. 5uardrails should only be used in situations
when it is notreasonably practicable to use
temporary work platforms#
c. "all arrest systems fall arrest
systems should only be
used in situations when itis not reasonably
practicable to use either
temporary work platforms orguardrails#
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"ull arrest harness is used for working at heights in the
pipe rack+ as workers have to work at height of :m+ 6@m+
67m+ 7@m height from the ground level+ (o full arrest
harness is made compulsory for the workers#
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? HEARING PROTECTION
!etermining the need to provide hearing
protection for employees can be challenging#-mployee exposure to excessive noise depends upon
a number of factors+ includingK
a. The loudness of the noise as measured in decibelsBd,D#
b. The duration of each employees exposure to the
noise#
c. hether employees move between work areas withdiOerent
noise levels#
d. hether noise is generated from one or multiplesources#
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? HOUSE6EEPING
a. )ousekeeping is the act of keeping the working
environment
cleared of all unnecessary waste+ therebyproviding a Arstline of defense against accidentsand injuries#
b. 5eneral housekeeping is done by the contractors atall working
site+ labor shed+ material shed or at working platform at
thetop+ oFces# Contractor shall clean the area where
they have to work at day and at night#c. "ull height barricades are erected around the site in
order to
prevent the running plant from any haHard and also
protect the working area BsiteD from any haHard+ as
running plant may cause danger to the workers as
leakage of gas+ Are or any kind of haHard can occur
any time in a running plant#
d. %ll surplus earth and debris that are excavated for
foundation
construction should be removed from theconstruction area to the oFcial earth storage area
and the same earth is also used for backAlling#
e. $roper stacking of materials should be done at site+both at
height and at ground level+ at yards and at suchlocation where
material would be unloaded for future use#
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CHAPTER ; : FLOOR PLANAREAS
? T0-* % 9?8@mm ; 8896@mm
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CHAPTER 8 : FORM5OR6
hen concrete is placed+ it is in plastic state# It
reEuires to be supported by temporary supports andcastings of desired shape till it becomes suFciently strong
to support its own weight# This temporary
casing is known as the /%$"%$
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Al,"ii," F%$"%$< S*!e"
Comparatively a new technology in India+ saves cost+ time
and improves the Euality of construction# %luminium
"ormwork is successfully used in 1apan+ (ingapore+Malaysia and the Middle -ast for the construction of
apartments and buildings+ both low and high rises# "or
repetition of building layouts and for abovetheplinth
work+ %luminium "ormwork system is very cost
eOective# %luminium "ormwork panels can be designed
for any conditionRcomponent of building such as bay
windows+ stairs+ balconies and special architectural
features# This system is uniEue as all the components in a
building+ including slabs+ Joors+ walls+ columns+ beams+
staircases+ balconies and window hood are concrete in a
single stretch#
The panels of aluminium formwork are made from high
strength aluminium alloy+ with the face or contact surfaceof the panel+ made up of 9mm thick plate+ which is
welded to a formwork of specially
designed extruded sections+ to form a robust component#
It
takes only 6R
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other formwork material# It is removable and can be
reused hundreds of times with little maintenance#
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A**e"3l
The simplicity of %luminium "ormwork and the repetitive
nature of the assembly process make it possible to
accurately programme construction seEuences and thuscycle times well in advance# In addition+ this enables
the unskilled labour to work with the formwork# %ll panels
are clearly labelled to ensure that they are easily
identiAable on site and can be smoothly Atted
together using the formwork modulation drawings#
Pi (# 5e#+e S*!e"
The panels are held in position by a simple pin and wedge
system that passes through holes in the outside rib of
each panel# The panels At precisely+ simply and securely#
They reEuire no bracing# ,uildings can be constructed
Euickly and easily by unskilled labour with a hammer
being the only tool reEuired# 0nce the panels have been
numbered+ measuring is not necessary# %s the erection
process is manual+ tower cranes are freed up and can
concentrate on other handling operations# The result is a
typical 9 to : day cycle for Joor to Joor construction#
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A#(!(+e*
? The formwork can be handled by unskilled labor#
? It increases the speed of construction#
? This system has exceptionally good Euality with
accuratedimensions for all openings to receive windows anddoors right angles at meeting points of wall to wall+wall to Joor+ wall toceiling+ etc#
? (ystem components are durable and can be used several
times
without sacriAcing the Euality or correctness of
dimensions and
surface#
? It is environment friendly as there is no use of timber#
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CHAPTER > : QUALITY
ASSURANCE & QUALITY
CONTROL
L&T has developed its own Euality system to meet
reEuired Euality standard and time schedule+ in order
to adhere uncompromising Euality standards at everystage of construction activities#
.uality %ssurance plan consists of all the planned
and systematic actions that are to be undertaken &
performed in the construction activities# It is imperative
to ensure that products and services are inspected+
checked and approved at all stages from commencement
of work including receipt of material to its completion
& so far its utiliHation# It is commitment of
management to arrange .%R.C functions during all
phases of the contract and also to ensure that at the work
to be executed is in compliance with the contractual
terms+ speciAcations+ statutory+ regulatory reEuirements
and all relevant applicable codes and standards with
the reEuirements# This department duty at every
stage of construction phase likeK before construction+
during execution+ after execution# *eceived material
testing is also under scope the department# If receiving
material Euality adherence to I( code then only
material will use for construction activity otherwise it
will rejected#
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QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURE
It will consist of following phases#
? $reconstruction phase
? !uring construction phase
? $ost Construction phase
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PRE9CONSTRUCTION PHASE
!uring this phase various activities are undertaken
and a system is put in place and activated in order to
ensure thatK? %ll activities at all locations being planned on time#
? The support system is eFcient enough to sustain the
Euality and
progress of work as planned#
? .uality and progress at all times during construction
phase
remain unaOected and unhindered#
DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE
It is the most important phase of Euality control# This
is ensured by allotting responsibilities to concerned
engineers with commensurate authority and
supervisors with commensurate authority at
execution and closely monitored by execution incharge and .%R.C -ngineer to ensure a total Euality
product at all times# To achieve this+ scheme forimplementation were devised# -xecution engineers
and .%R.C -ngineers control special works with close
coordination# They also have to carry out .uality
%udit of each construction activities at site to ensure
that Euality of work is maintained at site#
POST CONSTRUCTION PHASE
%fter the construction activities is completed+thorough inspection and testing is carried out to
ensure that Anished product is conforming to
speciAed standards# *eEuired Euality records aredocumented in prescribed documents to
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demonstrate the achievements of speciAed Eualityand eOectiveness of Euality
system#
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TESTS ON AGGREGATES
De!e$"i(!i% %/ Siee A(l*i* %/
A++$e+(!e
CODE OF PRACTISEK I( 78>< B$art 6D 6??8 Tenth $rint
OBJECTIVEK To determine the particle siHe distribution ofAne and
coarse aggregate#
APPARATUS: ,alance of @#6gm accuracy+ I( sieves
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? Lumps of Ane material present can be broken by gentle
pressure
by hand#
? "ine camel hairbrush may be used to clean the under side
of theI( sieve 6:@ & =:microns#
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? eigh the material retained on the each sieve and record
them#
? The cumulative mass of the aggregate fraction shall
then be
calculated and percentage of passing on each sieve
shall then be reported#
Minimum weights of sample for sieve analysisK
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C(*!i+ %/ C%'$e!e C,3e*
CODE OF PRACTISEK I( :6
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? "ill the mould in layers of :@mm#
? -nsure symmetrical distribution of concrete within the
mould#
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Compacting by handK
? Compact each layer with tamping rod by giving
8:strokes for
6:@mm mould+ 7:strokes for 6@@mm mould+8@strokes for cylindrical mould#
? $enetrate the strokes into the underlying layer so that the
bottom
layer gets rodded# Tap the sides of the mould to
remove any voids left over after tamping#
Compacting by vibratorK
? Compact each layer by means of electric or
pneumatic
hammerRvibrator of by a suitable vibrating table#
? The Euantum vibration to be given for laboratory
specimen shall
be nearly same as that may be adopted in
actual concreting operations#? (tore the specimen at site in a place free from vibrations+
under
damp matting#
? The specimens are to be kept in moist air of atleast ?@S
relative
humidity at a temperature of 7=@ 7@ for 79hours#
? %fter the time elapsed the specimens are to be
marked for
identiAcation and demoulded without giving any
jerk+ hammering+ or throwing from height to avoid
fracture before testing#
? (ubmerge the specimens in water immediately after de
mould#
? *enew the water at every seven days#
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? Maintain a temperature of 7=@ 7@ and never allow
them to
become dry until they have been tested# *ecord the
maximum and minimum temperatures during the
curing period#
8:
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De!e$"i(!i% %/ C%"-$e**ieS!$e+!) %/ C%'$e!e ',3e*
CODE OF PRACTISEK I( :6days#
? These are to be tested immediately after removing
from the
water and while they are in wet condition#
? ipe oO the surface water and remove the Ans if any#
? Check the dimension and noted down the weight#
? ipe the bearing platens of the testing machine clean#
? $lace the cubes in such a manner that the load shall be
applied to
opposite sides of the cube cast+ i#e#+ not to the top and
bottom#? The faces of the test specimen and the steel platens of the
testing
machine shall not be packed#
? *otate the movable portion gently by hand+ so that
uniform
seating is obtained#
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? %pply the load without any shock continuously at the
rate of
69@kgRsEcmRminute until the resistance of
specimen to the increase of load breaks down
and no greater load can be sustained#
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? *ecord the maximum load applied to the specimen#
C%"-$e**ie *!$e+!)BkgRsEcm or 'RsEmmD Maximumload
applied Bkg or 'D
Crosssectional area
BsEcm or sEmmD
%verage of three specimens shall be taken as sample of
representative batch provided individual variation is
not more than 6:S of the average#
8=
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De!e$"i(!i% %/ Fiee** %/Ce"e! 3 e! *iei+
CODE OF PRACTISEK I( 9@86 B$art 6:D 6??6
OBJECTIVEK To determine the Aneness of cement by wetsieving by the
mass of residue left over 9:microns sieve#
APPARATUS: ,alance of @#6gm accuracyP and 9:micronsieve#
PROCEDURE:
? Take a representative cement sample to be tested with a
sample
driver#
? Take 6@@@gm of from the sample#
? et the sample with a gentle stream of water#
? *emove it from the stream and wash for 6minute#? *eturn the sieve to the spray of water through a tap and
wash it
for a minute by moving the sieve in circular motion in
horiHontal plane#
? *inse it well and taking care not to loose any of the
residue over
the sieve#? ,lot the bottom surface of sieve with a damp cloth#
? !ry the sieve and residue in oven or on a hot plate#
? Cool the sieve+ brush the residue from the sieve+ and
weigh#
? *esidue percentage 6@@ x residue in gm R weight of
sample
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before sieving#
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CHAPTER ? : CONTRACT
PROTECTION IN HOT 5EATHER
hen the air temperature is more than 87@ C during the
placement of the concrete+ then the reinforcement shall
be sprayed with water so as to prevent the temperature of
the concrete alongside the bars rising above 87@ C#
REMOVAL OF FORM5OR6
The minimum periods between completion of placing
concrete and the removal of formwork shall be as followsK
? 4ertical sides of beams+ wall and columns 79 hours
? (oFts of slabs 9 days
? *emoval of props to slabs 66 days
?
(oFts of beams > days? *emoval of props to beams 6: days
USE OF CAMBER IN SLABS AND BEAMS
%ll slabs and beams more than : metres in span shall be
laid to a camber if needed# The following formula may be
used subject to the contractor verifying its applicabilityK
8?
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COMPACTION OF CONCRETE
The concrete shall be compacted to produce a dense
homogeneous mass with the assistance of vibrators# %
:@mm diameter internal vibrator shall be deemedcapable of compacting 7@m8 Rhr# Internal vibrators shall
be capable of producing not less than 6@+@@@ cycles per
minute#
CURING OF CONCRETE
Immediately after compaction and for 69 daysthereafter+ concrete shall be protected from the harmful
eOects of weather+ including rain and rapid temperature
changes and from drying out# The method of curing will
minimiHe the loss of moisture from the concrete#
5ATER FOR CONCRETE
? ater shall be clean and free from salt and other
impurities#
? ater used for mixing and curing of concrete shall have a
p)
value in the basic range of < to ?#
? The soluble solids shall not exceed the following limitsK
a. Total dissolved solids 7@@@mgRl
b. Chlorides B'aClD
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than :@ C nor more than 7:@ C#
9@
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Q,(li! A**,$('e
!esign and construction shall be executed and supervised
by fully
EualiAed and experienced personnel in similar
nature of works# Contractor shall assume and take
upon himself to
? !esign+ construct+ erect+ maintain and struck form
work
proprietary or custom made#
? "orm work shall provide reEuired
1. (hape+ siHe and Anish
2. *igidity and durability during placing Blive levelsD
3. *igidity and durability for receiving freshconcrete
4. Leak proof water tight jointsRjunctions
5. -asy removal without disturbing concrete
6.$rovide easy access for handing and placing
? "orm work shall provide safety and shall have adeEuate
access for
concreting
? orkers shall work with reEuired safety measures such as
safety
belts+ helmet+ etc#
E@-e$ie'e
? (ite supervisors and foremen EualiAed and experienced
atleast
Ave years on similar nature of form work
? (emiskilled labour shall be of minimum experience of Ave
years
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in doing similar nature of form work
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M(!e$i(l
Construction formwork with smooth faced plywood to
produce smooth straight level and sharp proAles shall be
used for the works# )oriHontal and vertical straight linesshould follow the approved pattern#
S'%-e %/ %$
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R%(# R%lle$: 9
It is used to compact soil+ concrete in the
construction of roads or foundations# It is also used in
land Alling#
Types of rollersK
? 4ibrating roller for sand#
? (heepfoot roller for cohesive soil#
? $lain drum roller for normal soil#
? $neumatic tyre roller used for clay#
C$(e*: 9
% crane is a tower or derrick that is eEuipped with
cables and pulleys that are used to lift and lower
materials# They are commonly used in the construction
industry and in the manufacturing of heavy
eEuipment# Cranes used in construction are normallytemporary
structures+ either Axed to ground or mounted on purpose
built vehicle# !iOerent types of cranes areK
? Mobile cranes? Telescopic cranes
? Tower cranes
? Truck Mounted cranes
? *ough Terrain cranes
? Loader Cranes
? 0verhead cranes
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9?
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CONCRETE
Concrete is a composite material composed of water+ Aneaggregates and coarse aggregates embedded in a hard
matrix of material that Alls the spacing among the
aggregates particles and gives them together#
I+$e#ie!* %/ '%'$e!eK
? ater
? Cement? %ggregates (and+ 'atural gravel+ Crushed stone
? Chemical %dmixtures
? %ccelerators -g# Calcium chloride
? *etarders -g# (ugar+ 5lucose
? %ir -ntrainment -g# %luminium oxide
? $lasticiHers -g# %cetone formaldehyde
condensate#? $igments -g# Iron oxide#
? Corrosion inhibitors-g# MCI7@77 B mixture of amine
carboxylates and amino alcohols#D
? ,onding agents -g# 'ito bond (,*
? $umping aids -g# (lurry
? Mineral admixtures
?
"ly ash B6:S to 8:S of weight of cementD? 5round granulated blast furnace B9@S to =@S of
weight of
cementD
? (ilica fume increases strength and durability#
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:@
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Me!)%#* %/ '%'$e!i+
? $ump and wheel barrow#
?
Tower crane and slip bucket#? $ump and pipeline#
E=,i-"e!* U*e# K
? H%i*!K !evice used for lifting or lowering a load by means
of a drum
or left wheel around which rope or chain wraps#
It may be manually operated+ electrically and may be
using chain or wire rope as its lifting medium# It is
attached by means of lifting hook#
A#(!(+e*
? Inexpensive
? -asy to use
Di*(#(!(+e*
? Care should be taken while using it+ if it falls+ it could be
very
dangerous#
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? C),!eK It allows rapid transport of items from the
upper Joors
to a lower Joor or basement#
They may be sEuare+ round or rectangular at
the top and bottom#
A#(!(+e*:
? -asy to use#
? -asy to erect#
? $rovide access in accessible#Di*(#(!(+e*:
? *eEuires extra labour and support#
? C%e%$ 3el! K It is used to transfer concrete
horiHontally and
limited distance vertically#
A#(!(+e*
? Inexpensive as compared to cranes#
? 3sed in areas like tunnels due to less space#
Di*(#(!(+e*
? ,elts need initial higher tension#
? Loading and transfer points need to be properly
designed#
? Conveying of sticky materials create discharge of
causing
and discharge of causing poor conductivity#
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? C%'$e!e -,"- K It is a machine used to transfer
concrete by
pumping concrete into pipes#
A#(!(+e*? It is fast in transporting and saves money as less
labour is
reEuired#
? Improved concrete#
Di*(#(!(+e*
? Takes time to set and dismental#
? -xpensive as compared to conveyor belt#
? T$%lle i!) $(il* K It is used to transfer goods from one
place to
another by a given path to rail decided from before#
? T%e$ '$(e* K It is used to carry from one place to
another using abucket#
A#(!(+e*
? -asy to maintain#
? 'o noise#
? )igh performance#
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? -asy installation#
Di*(#(!(+e*
? -xpensive as used in large projects#
? 'eeds a wireless communication like walky talky#
? $ower supply is reEuired#
? Pl('e$ 3%%" K It is mounted on 9 legged chassis has a 8
section
hydraulic boom# It is provided with sophisticated
remote control system#
A#(!(+e*
? "aster pours#
? Less manpower#
? Less crane usage#
? Increased site safety#
Di*(#(!(+e*
? $roper planning is reEuired#
? Maintenance is also reEuired Bcleaning after
every
operationD#
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CHAPTER 11 : SLABS
% concrete slab is a common structural element ofmodern building# )oriHontal slabs of steel reinforced
concrete are most often used to construct Joors and
ceilings#
The concrete slabs are built on the building site using
formworkinto which the concrete when wet is poured# The
formwork is commonly built from wooden planks and
boards+ steel or plastic# If the slab is to be reinforced+ the
reinforced bars are positioned within the formwork before
the concrete is poured in# $lastic tipped metal or plastic
bar chairs are used to hold the reinforcing bar away from
the bottom and sides of the formwork+ so that when the
concrete sets it completely envelopes the reinforcement#
? "or a ground slab+ the formwork may consist of sidewalls
pushed
into the ground#
? "or a suspended slab+ the formwork is shaped like a
tray+supported by a temporary scaOold until the concrete sets#
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Oe95( Sl(3
? % oneway slab is used in a rectangular slab+ supported
only on
two opposite edges with long beam spans and shorterslab spans#
? hen a rectangular slab is supported on all the four edges
and
the length to breadth ratio is eEual to or greater than two#
? The slab spans in the direction parallel to the shorter
edge#? Main reinforcement
is provided in
only one direction
because
there is huge
diOerence
in lengths+
thus load is nottransferred
to the shorter
beams#
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T% 5( Sl(3
? hen a rectangular slab is supported on all the four edges
andthe length to breadth ratio is less than two+ it isconsidered to be a two way slab#
? The slab spans in both the orthogonal directions#
? Thus+ main reinforcement is provided in both directions for
two
way slabs#
*ectangular twoway slabs can be divided into the following
typesK
? Fl(! -l(!e* K These slabs do not have beams
between the
columns+ drop panels or column capitals#
? Fl(! *l(3* K These slabs do not have beams but have
drop panels
or column capitals#
? T%9( *l(3* i!) 3e("* K There are beams
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between the
columns# If the beams are wide and shallow+ they are
termedas band beams#
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Fl(! Pl(!e*
? % Jat plate Joor is a twoway slab with no supporting
beams+ onlycolumns#
? The slab has smooth under surfaces without column
capitals or
drop panels#
? It is suitable for light loads associated with apartment
construction and can be economically used for spans upto
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? "lat slab with column head#
? "lat slab with both drop panel and column head#
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:?
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G$(#e Sl(3
? It is a Jat concrete structure built on top of the soil at
ground
level#
? It doesnGt reEuire support from underground footers and
acts as
the foundation for the building and provides a stable
base for the building#
? The perimeter of the grade slab is often slightly thicker
than the
rest of the surface# It acts a mini footer and helps todistribute the exterior walls more evenly across the
soil#
? It is poured as a single unit and allowed to dry slowly for
several
days to minimiHe cracking and maximiHe strength and
durability#
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CONCLUSION
It was a wonderful learning experience at L&T
ConstructionGs site of !L" The Crest project for a period
of 9 weeks in 5urgaon# I was given exposure in almost
all the departments at the site# Lab experiments
performed at site also helped me to understand the
deviation from the standard condition and how to tackle
with practical situation# It was a nice experience to come
across the true working atmosphere# I would like to thank
everyone at the site who shared their knowledge and
helped me in summer training# I hope this experience will
surely help me in my future and also in shaping my career#
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