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-6.5
-6.0
-5.5
-5.0
-4.5
-4.0
-3.5
-6.1
-6.2
-4.5
-4.3
-5.9
-5.4
-4.2-4.3
Ag/Al
-5.3
Energ
y L
evel / eV
Cy3-TRIS, Cy3-PF6
Cy7-TRIS, Cy7-PF6
PCBM
C60
-4.7
ITO
MoO3
TiO2
-4.3
-3.8
Introduction
Basic Properties
Understanding BHJ Morphology & Performance
Improving BHJ Cell Performance
Conclusions & Outlook In general, it is found in this study that:
• Cy7-TRIS dye salt is a promising NIR light harvesting material for OSCs and TSCs. Cy3-PF6 dye salt shows good
response to visible light and gives the best performance (in bi-layer structure) among all fabricated cells.
• The photovoltaic performance and BHJ morphology both strongly depend on the interplay between cyanine dye
molecular structure and the counter ions. Dyes with TRISPHAT counter ion demonstrate smaller phase
separation domains (ca. 50-150 nm) and higher relative BHJ performance (compared to bi-layer cells), which
make them more promising candidate for cyanine dye-based BHJ (CDBHJ) cells.
• The reason why CDBHJ cells’ performance is generally inferior to their bi-layer counterparts, on one hand, is
due to their large phase separation domains (3-10 times larger than common LD) and on the other hand, could
be due to the highly intermixed phases which form isolated domains to trap generated charges.
• Initial improvement of BHJ cells is achieved with thermal annealing, being more effective in Cy7-TRIS cell.
• A novel photophysical phenomenon in cyanine dye thin film: a long-lived, red-shifted strong emission peak.
Further understanding of the influence of dye structure and counter ions as well as the red-shifted new
emission peak are necessary. Efforts are also needed to further improve the performance of CDBHJ cells.
1Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. 2Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Contact: Chuyao Peng via [email protected], Dr. Jakob Heier via [email protected].
Chuyao Peng1, Anna C. Véron2, Jakob Heier2, Hany Roland2, Frank Nüesch1,2, Thomas Geiger2.
Thin Film Solar Cells and Photophysics based on Cationic Cyanine Dyes
Solar Cell Performance & BHJ Morphology
References & Acknowledgement [1] J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 4328; [2] Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2008, 29, 651; [3] ACS Nano 2012, 6, 7185; [4] Adv. Energy Mater.
2013, 3, 472; [5] App. Phys. Lett. 2013, 102, 183903; [6] J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 105, 053711;[7] Rep. Prog. Phys. 2010, 73, 096401; [8] Chem.
Soc. Rev. 2012,41,4245; [9] J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 9281; [10] Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 47; [11] W. Ma, J. R. Tumbleston, M. Wang,
E. Gann, F. Huang, H. Ade, Adv. Energy Mater. 2013, n/a; [12] Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009,19,1227; [13] Chem. Rev. 2013, 113, 3734; [14] Adv.
Energy Mater. 2013, 3, 356; [15] J. Phys. Chem. A 2007, 111, 1593; [16] J. Phys. Chem. A 2000, 104, 6416.
Basic properties of four different dye salts reveal their viability for OSC application and their similarity/difference in
solution and solid state. Energy diagram illustrates a device-favorable energy alignment of these dye salts relative to
other device components used in this study. Solution absorption spectra show that these cyanine dyes have
extraordinarily high molar extinction coefficient (generally 2-6 times higher than common absorbers used in OSCs[8]).
From the thin film absorption spectrum of each dye salts, which will be broadened and more red-shifted along with
more intimate intermolecular packing,[9] dyes with larger π-conjugated system and smaller counter ions have more
intimate molecular packing (which often result in better charge transport properties[10]), verified by crystal structure of
these dyes salts according to unpublished data in the lab. Cy7 dyes show excellent NIR response and high visible light
transmittance in Cy7-TRIS bi-layer device, manifesting their potential for NIR light harvesting and TSCs applications.
Molecular Structures
Thin Film Absorption Spectra
Acknowledgements: Brazilian Swiss Joint Research Programme is acknowledged for the funding. I would like to thank Dr.
Gaëtan Wicht, Hui Zhang, Jean-Nicolas Tisserant and Dr. Matthias Nagel for helpful discussions and assistances.
A New Photophysical Phenomenon in Cyanine Dyes Films
Thermal annealing is an effective technique to
improve the performance of polymer and small
molecule BHJ solar cells, via enhancing the phase
separation and crystallinity of the blend.[13,14]
Thermal annealing includes two types: pre-
annealing and post-annealing. Pre-annealing is to
anneal the film soon after its spin casting, before
evaporating any other layers on top. Post-
annealing is to anneal the whole device.
Post-annealing is shown to be effective in Cy7-
TRIS BHJ cells, enhancing the PCE for 25.7% in
maximum. However, in Cy3-TRIS BHJ cells, in
most trials, thermal annealing does not or exert
little positive influence on device performance.
This difference may lie at the difference on
intermolecular interaction and hence the
tendency for crystallization, due to the different
size of counter ions, which insert between dye
molecules observed from their crystal structures.
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
No
rma
lize
d A
bso
rba
nce
Wavelength / nm
Cy3-TRIS (max
= 570nm)
Cy3-PF6 (
max = 574nm)
Cy7-TRIS (max
= 836nm)
Cy7-PF6 (
max = 845nm)
Dye Salts λmax(abs) ε f c λmax(em)
/ nm / M-1cm-1 / nm
Cy3-TRIS 557 135'000 1.01 574
Cy3-PF6 558 164'000 1.16 571
Cy7-TRIS 796 360’000 1.41 809
Cy7-PF6 795 305'000 1.32 811
Inverted BHJ Cells
TiOx
ITO/Glass
Active layer(Cyanine/PCBM
Blend Film)
MoO3
Ag 80 nm
30 nm
30 nmh+
e- 50 nm
Dye Salts λmax(abs) ε f c λmax(em)
/ nm / M-1cm-1 / nm
Cy3-TRIS 557 135'000 1.01 574
Cy3-PF6 558 164'000 1.16 571
Cy7-TRIS 796 360’000 1.41 809
Cy7-PF6 795 305'000 1.32 811
Energy Diagram
Solution Absorption and Emission
Properties a
a All the BHJ devices have been optimized to their best blend ratio. All
devices are measured under 1 sun AM1.5 condition. In the chart, Voc is open-
circuit (J=0) voltage, Jsc is short-circuit (V=0) current density. FF is fill
factor. PCE is power conversion efficiency. b The dye film of Cy7-PF6 bi-layer cell is coated from TFP, which is harmful
for device performance. Films for all the other cells are casted from CB.
Device Parameters of Solar Cells based on Four Dye Salts a
J-V Curves of BHJ Cells J-V Curves of Bi-layer Cells
Surface and Internal BHJ Blend Film Morphology of Four Dye Salts/PC61BM • These cyanine dye salts
demonstrate promising
photovoltaic performance.
Cy7-TRIS dye is especially
favorable for efficient NIR
light harvesting and TSC
applications.
• Device performance and
BHJ morphology both
strongly depend on the
interplay between dye
structure and counter ions.
• BHJ device performance
also depends on device
structure and blend ratio.
• Dyes with TRISPHAT
counter ions are more
suitable for BHJ cell, due
to its smaller phase
separation domain size and
higher relative (to bi-layer
cells) performance.
Dyes Device
Structure
Voc / V
Jsc / mA cm-2
FF / %
PCE
/ %
Rs b
/ Ω cm2
Rsh b
/ Ω cm2
Cy3-TRIS
Conv. Bi-layer 0.79 2.05 41.5 0.67 239.4 1170.
9
Conv. BHJ 0.77 0.93 28.9 0.21 300.3 1012.
8
Inverted BHJ 0.73 1.08 27.6 0.22 555.6 766.3
Cy3-PF6 Conv. Bi-layer 0.95 5.71 59.7 3.25 37.1
1429.
4
Inverted BHJ 0.82 2.44 34.5 0.69 143.5 514.4
Cy7-TRIS
Conv. Bi-layer 0.58 6.73 62.3 2.41 15.6 1128.
0
Conv. BHJ 0.63 3.51 43.2 0.96 33.8 433.1
Inverted BHJ 0.71 4.06 37.9 1.09 42.4 413.1
Cy7-PF6 Conv. Bi-layer 0.38 5.35 46.1 0.92 24.2 535.8
Inverted BHJ 0.27 1.43 38.5 0.15 84.2 330.8
a 1,1,2,2,-tetrafluoropropanol (TFP) dissolves only dyes away in all blend films, exposing the surface PCBM domains. b n-hexane removes only PCBM away in the Cy3-PF6 blend film, exposing only dye domains, while in Cy3-TRIS and
Cy7-TRIS blend film, removes both dyes and PCBM away, exposing inner PCBM domains in the blend films.
0s
10s
30s
70s
70s + 2.5min heating dissolving
70s + 6.5min heating dissolving
70s + 18.5min heating dissolving
24 hours
300 400 500 600 700 800-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
(1a) Cy3-TRIS/PCBM Film on ITO Dissolving in TFP for Various Time
Film
Absorb
ance
Wavelength / nm
300 400 500 600 700 800-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Film
Absorb
ance
Wavelength / nm
0s
10s
20s
30s
35s
40s
50s
60s
80s
(1b) Cy3-TRIS/PCBM Film on ITO Dissolving in Hexane for Various Time
Dye in blend on ITO
PCBM in blend on ITO
Dye in blend on MoO3
PCBM in blend on MoO3
Pure PCBM
Pure Dye
300 400 500 600 700 8000.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
Absorb
ance
Wavelength / nm
Blend Film on TiO2, pristine
Blend Film on TiO2, in hexane for 150s
0 20 40 60 80 1000.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
(1c) Dissolving Kinetics of Cy3-TRIS/PCBM Film in Hexane (film)
No
rma
lize
d F
ilm A
bso
rba
nce
Dissolving Time in Hexane / s
Film on MoO3, Dye Peak
Film on MoO3, PCBM Peak
Film on ITO, Dye Peak
Film on ITO, PCBM Peak
Film on TiO2, Dye Peak
Film on TiO2, PCBM Peak
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
(1d) Dissolving Kinetics of Cy3-TRIS/PCBM Film in Hexane (solvent)
Hexane A
bsorb
ance
Dissolving Time in Hexane/ s
Though dyes with TRISPHAT counter ion give more favorable BHJ morphology and performance, in general the efficiency of cyanine dye-based BHJ cells are lower than their bi-layer cells. Cy3-TRIS:PCBM blend film is taken as the model system to study the origin. The charge injection from Cy3-TRIS dye to PCBM is highly efficient (99.7%) from photoluminescence quenching test, but few charges can be extracted out, revealed by its low Jsc and FF. Thus, it is suspected that there are highly intermixed phases, forming isolated dye or PCBM domains which prevent charges to flow out.[11] To verify this problem, how the species are being dissolved away from the blend film and how the morphology at different dissolving time looks like are studied.
Cy3-TRIS dye film is dissolved away 2.5 times quicker than PCBM film in hexane.(Fig. 1c) However, in the blend film, the dyes and PCBM are dissolved away with similar kinetics and slow down at the same dissolving time, indicating dye is taking PCBM away during dissolving.(Fig. 1c,d) Besides, long time dissolving in TFP or hexane cannot remove all the dyes away from the blend film, indicating that some dyes are being trapped in the PCBM.(Fig. 1a,b,c) These two observations both point toward the presence of intermixed phases.
Cy3-TRIS, Conv.
Cy3-TRIS, Inverted
Cy7-TRIS, Conv.
Cy7-TRIS, Inverted
Cy3-PF6, Inverted
Cy7-PF6, Inverted
-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
Curr
en
t d
en
sity /
mA
cm
-2
Voltage / V
Cy3-TRIS
Cy7-TRIS
Cy3-PF6
Cy7-PF6
-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
Curr
ent density (
mA
cm
-2)
Voltage / V
Device Structures
Organic thin film solar cell is an emerging technology that enables a shift from a relatively heavy, rigid and
expensive silicon solar cells into low-cost, light-weight, flexible and even transparent counterpart. Cationic
cyanine dyes possess several characters such as extraordinarily high light absorption coefficient, ease to realize
strong near infrared (NIR) response, high tunability of functional properties via changing counter ions/dye
molecular structure,[1,2] making them favorable for organic solar cell (OSC) application and especially for
‘transparent solar cell’(TSC)[3] which could serve as the light harvesting windows or screens in the future.
Recent developments on cyanine dye-based solar cell have propelled its highest power conversion efficiency (PCE)
to 2.9 %-3.7 %, realized via a bi-layer cell device structure.[4,5] However, even if at the wavelength of their
maximum light-to-electricity conversion peak, only < 50 % sunlight can be converted by these bi-layer cells, and
even lower at the other wavelength of solar irradiation spectrum. This is mainly due to the limited thickness of
the cyanine dye light harvesting layer, restricted by its exciton diffusion length LD (normally < 20 nm[6]). Thus, bulk
heterojunction (BHJ) devices[7] are needed to break the limitation of LD, in which the cyanine dyes and PCBM are
blended together in solution, spin-casted onto certain hole/electron conducting substrate, and then phase
separate to form far larger charge separation/generation interfaces compared to bi-layer cells, provided that a
favorable morphology (domain size<LD, bicontinuous interpenetrating dye/PCBM network for charge transport) is
present.[7] Meanwhile, tuning the properties of cyanine dye salts via new dyes and/or new counter ions is also
necessary to further improve the performance of cyanine dye-based organic solar cells and TSCs.
This study starts with testing the basic photophysical and electrochemical properties of four cationic cyanine dyes
salts (i.e. Coulombically bound ‘cyanine dye-counter ion pairs’). Then, bi-layer cells and BHJ cells based on these
dye salts, joint with blend film morphology of four dyes salts:PC61BM, are studied to examine their intrinsic
photovoltaic performance and suitability for BHJ cells. Further, to understand why the performance of cyanine
dye-based BHJ (CDBHJ) cell is inferior, a time-controlled dissolving test of the blend film and a dissolving time-
dependent internal morphology detection are conducted. After that, initial results on improving the performance
of CDBHJ cells are shown. Finally, a novel photophysical phenomenon discovered in cyanine dye films is presented.
Cy7-TRIS (4:1), pristine
Cy7-TRIS (4:1), annealed
-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
Curr
ent density / m
A c
m-2
Voltage / V
Cell Voc / V Jsc / mA cm-2 FF / % PCE / % Increased
pristine 0.738 2.2 33.7 0.547
annealed 0.741 2.3 36 0.61412.2%
Cy7-TRIS:PCBM (4:1) Cell, Post-annealed at 150°C for 6 min
Cy7-TRIS (2:1), pristine
Cy7-TRIS (2:1), annealed
-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
Cy7-TRIS:PCBM (2:1) Cell, Post-annealed at 150°C for 6 min
Curr
ent density / m
A c
m-2
Voltage / V
Cell Voc / V Jsc / mA cm-2 FF / % PCE / % Increased
pristine 0.727 2.35 33.8 0.576
annealed 0.734 2.68 36.8 0.72425.7%
Cy3-TRIS (1:2), pristine
Cy3-TRIS (1:2), annealed
-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
Cy3-TRIS:PCBM (1:2) Cell, Pre-annealed at 150°C for 3 min
Curr
ent density / m
A c
m-2
Voltage / V
Cell Voc / V Jsc / mA cm-2 FF / % PCE / % Increased
pristine 0.64 1.1 32.2 0.226
annealed 0.55 1.14 38.4 0.2416.6%
0 3 6 9 12
2.4
2.6
2.8
34
35
36
37
0.58
0.62
0.67
0.72
Jsc /
mA
cm
-2
Post-annealing time / min
Jsc
FF
/ %
FF
Cy7-TRIS:PCBM (2:1) Cell, Post-annealed at 150°C for Various Time
PC
E / %
PCE
Cy3-TRIS 598nm peak, avg
= 0.085 ns
Cy3-TRIS 685nm peak, avg
= 1.069 ns
Cy3-PF6 683nm peak, avg
= 0.668 ns
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Counte
d P
hoto
ns
Time / ns
(3b) Photoluminescence Lifetime of Cy3-TRIS and Cy3-PF6 Dye Film
Emission of Cy3-TRIS Film
Emission of Cy3-TRIS Solution
Absorption of Cy3-TRIS Film
450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
No
rma
lize
d E
mis
sio
n
Wavelength (nm)
a ~90 nm red-shifted strong emission peak
(3a) Photoluminescence and Absorption Spectra of Cy3-TRIS dye
The fluorescence peak of Cy3-TRIS film, where the film is supposed to emit.
550 600 650 700 750 800
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
300 400 500 600 700 800
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Ab
sorb
ance
Wavelength (nm)
Em
issio
n I
nte
nsity
Wavelength (nm)
Cy3-TRIS Film
Cy3-PF6
- Film
Cy3-I- Film
Cy3-ClO4
- Film
Cy-bound SO3
2- Film
(3c) Photoluminescence and Absorption(Inset) Spetra of Cyanine Dye
with Different Counter Ions Cy3-TRIS Film excited at 480 nm
Cy3-TRIS Solution excited at 480 nm
Cy3-TRIS Solution excited at 620 nm
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
Em
issio
n I
nte
nsity
Wavelength (nm)
(3d) NIR Photoluminescence Spectra of Cy3-TRIS Film and Solution
Singlet Oxygen
Emission Peak
A strong emission peak with exceptionally large Stokes shift (110 nm) is first observed in Cy3-TRIS thin film, but not in dye/CB solution, during the photoluminescence (PL) test (Fig. 3a). PL lifetime test shows that (Fig. 3b), this new emission (685 nm peak, the new excited state) has a 12.5 times longer average lifetime than the fluorescence (598 nm peak, lowest singlet state), and is also present in Cy3-PF6 film. Further test (Fig. 3c) shows that film of Cy3 dyes with I- counter ion also has this red-shifted emission peak, but not observed in dyes with other counter ions. A seemingly singlet oxygen emission peak is observed in Cy3-TRIS CB solution (Fig. 3d) but not in thin film, indicating that this excited state is immediately quenched by dissolved O2, thus no such red-shifted emission is observed in solution. This relatively long-lived lower excited state could be a triplet state or a new excited state triggered by external heavy atom effect from counter ions and/or by the photoisomerization of cyanine dyes.[15,16]
Morphological Model
BHJ morphology of the film at different dissolving time in hexane/TFP on various substrates (corresponding to the absorption spectra and dissolving kinetics on the left)
Combining the dissolving kinetics with the evolution of blend film morphology at different dissolving time,(Fig. 2a-d) a general model for the morphology of Cy3-TRIS:PCBM blend film is constructed,(on the right) illustrating these intermixed, isolated phases.(extendable to Cy7-TRIS due to their similar morphological mode) Inverted BHJ cells can take advantage of this vertical concentration gradient (PCBM-rich phase near the coating substrate TiO2, which both conduct electrons), explaining why their performance are better than those of conventional BHJ cell.[12]
Dye Salts λmax (abs) ε Oscillator
Strength
λmax (em)
/ nm / M-1
cm-1 / nm
Cy3-TRIS 557 135'000 1.01 574
Cy3-PF6 558 164'000 1.16 571
Cy7-TRIS 796 360’000 1.41 809
Cy7-PF6 795 305'000 1.32 811
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 11000
20
40
60
80
100 Cy7-TRIS bi-layer cell
(excluding metal electrode)
Tra
nsm
itta
nce (
%)
Wavelength (nm)
Transmittance Spectra of Cy7-TRIS Cell
a all solution photophysical properties
are obtained with four dye salts
dissolved in chlorobenzene (CB).
Dyes Device
Structure
Optimum
Blend Ratio
(dye:PCBM
in moles)
Voc / V
Jsc / mA cm-2
FF / %
PCE
/ %
Cy3-TRIS
Conv. Bi-layer 0.79 2.05 41.5 0.67
Conv. BHJ 1:3 0.77 0.93 28.9 0.21
Inverted BHJ 1:2 0.73 1.08 27.6 0.22
Cy7-TRIS
Conv. Bi-layer 0.58 6.73 62.3 2.41
Conv. BHJ 1:2 0.63 3.51 43.2 0.96
Inverted BHJ 1:2 0.71 4.06 37.9 1.09
Cy3-PF6 Conv. Bi-layer 0.95 5.71 59.7 3.25
Inverted BHJ 2:1 0.82 2.44 34.5 0.69
Cy7-PF6 Conv. Bi-layer
b 0.38 5.35 46.1 0.92
Inverted BHJ 1:5 0.27 1.43 38.5 0.15