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A LECTURE ON POLITICS
POLITICAL SCIENCEMSU-ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
PREPARED BY: PRINCESS MAE S. CHUA
MSU-ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYCollege of Arts and Social Sciences
Department of Political Science
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PoliticsIt comes from a Greek word
“POLIS” refers to the ancient city-state of which Athens and Sparta
were the more prominent.
It is the power relationships between individuals and groups.
Politics have also determined who shall occupy the roles of
leadership in government and how powers of government shall
exercised.
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It also deals with public affairs, that is, the distribution of goods
and services to satisfy the demands of the public.
It is also concerned with conflict and resolution.
It includes the decision-making and decision-enforcing processes
in any group that makes and enforces rules for its members
(Ranney, 2001).
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THE BASIC CONCEPT OF POLITICS
The capacity of an actor to compel or
influence other actors to alter
their behavior or to do what they
would not do other wise.
Resources such as MONEY,
INTELIGENCE, FAME,
CONNECTIONS, etc. can be a
source of POWER
Threat of coercion,
consequences or reward is present in POWER.
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Refers to the formal or legal relationships
between policymakers and citizens.
Therefore, AUTHORITY is power exercised within the confines of
established procedures, traditions, and practices,
ideology, and laws
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Is a specie of power but it may connote more than those instances where
powerand authority
manifest themselves.
Influence takes place without the threat of coercion or sanctions,
or without the promise of reward.
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A predisposition which may be positively or negatively
directed towards certain people, issues, activity, or institutions
It is an idea charged with
emotions, which predisposes
certain kinds of actions to a particular situation.
Three components of attitude:
1. COGNITIVE2. AFFECTIVE3. BEHAVIORAL
INTENT
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Refers to the summation of the expressed or verbalized attitudes of
individuals.It can be expressed in a poll or verbalized in any forum, it is
converted into an individual opinion.
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Is the way how political actors view his environment and the
various stimuli within.
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Are enduring beliefs that a
specific end-state of existing order
or mode of conduct is
preferable to an opposite state.
Values plays a big role in decision-
making. The kind of value every policymakers
carry may manifest in
policymaking.
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This is a disharmony arising from stresses and strains due to some changes in the
political environment.
Conflict can also be viewed as an inherent feature of the political system arising from
the continuing competition for scarce available resources.
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Is the process by which authorized individuals or groups make decisions to allocate in the society through resolutions, laws, policies,
programs, decrees, etc.
Is the process by which authorized individuals or groups make decisions to allocate in the society
through resolutions, laws, policies, programs, decrees, etc.
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According to John C. Calhoun, “interest were destined to be varied and diverse in the
society”. Because of this diversity, individuals tend to associate themselves in order
to pursue their common interests.
Groups that emerge from the association of individuals with common interest serve as the
vehicle through which they participate in politics.
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Pls. study Governance
and Type of
governance in advance
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What is GOVERNANCE?It is the exercise of
political, economic, administrative authority in the management of political affairs.
This is the capacity of the government to
effectively manage its
resources and implement sound
policies.
Governance means the way those with
power use that power.
(ADB as cited by McCawley, 2005)
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TYPES OF GOVERNANCE
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POLITICAL GOVERNANCE
It is the formulation and implementation of
policies by the government.
The interplay of the three branches of government in which
the legislative branch formulates policies, the
executive branch implements policies and the judicial branch
adjudicates conflicts.
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ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE
This is the
process of
decision-making
that affects
domestic
economic
activities and the
relationship
between the
domestic and
international
market.
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ADMINISTRATIVE GOVERNANCE
The process of implementing public policies through an
efficient, independent and accountable
bureaucracy
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ECOLOGICAL GOVERNANCE
The use of science and technology and
the mobilization of all stakeholders in the management of the
environment.
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REQUIREMENTS OF
GOOD GOVERNANCE
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TRANSPARENCY
The general public should be informed about
government operations.
This requires that information is accessible, timely, relevant, accurate
and complete.
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ACCOUNTABILITY
The extent that government officials can be held responsible for their
discussions and for the performance of their agencies.
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PARTICIPATORY
The general public including stakeholders and marginalized groups are able to participate
in and influence both the decision-making process and
ongoing government operations.
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LEGITIMACYThe operation of the
government is acceptable to the public. Public decisions should
be directed towards common welfare and the manner of implementing government policies and
programs should be within the bounds of
accepted practices and procedures.
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EFFICIENCY & EFFECTIVENESS IN THE USE OF RESOURCES
Effectiveness is the extent in which the acts of government contribute to the performance
government functions such as in the maintenance of peace and
order, delivery of basic goods and services, and maintenance of
ecological balance.
Efficiency is the extent that the functions of government are
performed through established processes and within reasonable
cost.
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THE CONCEPT OF STATE & GOVERNMENT
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What is STATE?
State is a compulsory association with territorial basis having the monopoly of the legitimate use of force
(Weber, 1958).
According to James Garner, “State is a community of
persons more or less numerous occupying a definite portion of
territory completely free of external control and pursuing an organized government to which
a great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience.
A state possesses a power called SOVEREIGNTY.
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Due to globalization of the affairs of the state in the modern world, there is also a need for the newly emerging state to be recognized
by other state.
Technically, RECOGNITION is not a fundamental element of a State, yet it is important for its survival and prosperity.
Non-recognition could effectively isolate a State in Int’l for a like the
UN
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Nation is an ethnic concept, defined as people, or an aggregation of men existing in the form of an organized society usually inhabiting a distinct
portion of the earth, speaking the same language, using the same customs, possessing historic
continuity, and disguised from other like groups by their racial origin and characteristics, and generally,
but not necessarily, living under the same government and sovereignty.
What is NATION?
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The nations referred to in the UN are actually states.
The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress,
better living standards and human rights.
The UN has 4 main purposes To keep peace throughout the world; To develop friendly relations among nations; To help nations work together to improve the
lives of poor people, to conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other’s rights and freedoms;
To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals.
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Distinguishing NATION and STATE
STATE NATIONState is a word that has been
derived from the latin ‘status’, which means ‘status’
or ‘condition’.
The word ‘nation’ has been derived from the latin ‘natio’,
which means a ‘set of people’.
Juristic or political concept Racial or ethnic concept
Where there is a state there is at least one nation
There can be a nation without there being a state.
A state may be made up of one or more nations, as in the case of united states.
A nation may occupy two or more states, like the
american nation, german nation or the jewish.
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Four Elements of the State
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Refers to the inhabitants of a State. There is no strict
requirement on their number, but it is generally accepted that they must be composed of both sexes of
sufficient number to be self-perpetuating.
People
The population of States range from more than a billion like China or a few hundred thousand in the case of mini-states like Qatar and Fiji.
The capability of the state is determined
largely y the quality of the population. No
education or training is required for the inhabitants of a
territory before it can aspire for statehood.
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Territory
The fixed portion of the surface of the earth inhabited by the people of the State.
A territory may extend over a vast
expanse like CANADA or covers only a
small component of territory like Sngapore.
Components of territory includes TERRITORIAL DOMAIN, FLUVIAL
DOMAIN, AERIAL DOMAIN
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TOPOGRAPHY Topography of a
territory, the kind of its soil, the climate and the available natural resources
within are important
determinants of the quality of the lives of the inhabitants.
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Saudi Arabia has generally BARREN SOIL but
underneath is a vast oil deposit, which provides
WEALTH.
Israel’s soil is likewise INFERTILE but because of technology & the work discipline of the people,
it is currently a NET EXPORTER OF FOOD
to other countries.
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Sovereignty
This is the supreme power inherent in a state.
Two kinds of Sovereignty:1. Legal Sovereignty2. Political Sovereignty
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Government
This is the instrument that provides mechanisms in
determining, formulating, and implementing the policies of the
state.
It is an institution by which the society’s needs for social
services are satisfied and by which conflicting interests are
reconciled (Ayaton, et.al, 2000)
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The three branches of the Government
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Distinguishing Government & Administration
ADMINISTRATION
This refers to the group of persons headed by the
President in whose hands the reins of government
at given period.
GOVERNMENTThe instrument that
provides mechanisms in determining, formulating,
and implementing policies.
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Functions of Government
Constituent FunctionsThese are the basic functions of the
government that must be performed. Their performance is the minimum requirement for
an orderly existence.
Administrative FunctionsThese are the undertaken to advance the
general interest of society, such as public works and public charity. These may be undertaken optional by the government because they can
be undertaken by private sectors.
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Forms of Government
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According to the number of people who rule or
participate in the exercise of sovereignty
Monarchy
Oligarchy
Democracy
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Monarchy
A government in which the supreme power and final authority is in the
hands of a single person.
The monarch comes from a ROYAL FAMILY.
His/her title may be KING, QUEEN, EMIR, EMPEROR, EMPRESS, TZAR, TSARINA
Monarchy is classified into two:
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY LIMITED MONARCHY
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