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Disclaimer: The views expressed are those of Paul Gipe and are not necessarily those of the sponsor.
Disclosure: Paul Gipe has worked with ANZSES, APROMA, ASES, AusWEA, AWEA, BWEA, BWE, CanWEA, DGW, EECA, ES&T, GEO, IREQ, KWEA, MADE, NASA, NREL, NZWEA, OSEA, USDOE, Aerovironment, the Folkecenter, the Izaak Walton League, Microsoft, ManSEA, ORWWG, OSEA, PG&E, the Minnesota Project, NRG Systems, SeaWest, SEI/REIO, the Sierra Club, WAWWG, and Zond Systems, and written for magazines in the USA, Canada, France, Denmark, and Germany.
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World Wind Energy Development & Advanced Renewable Tariffs
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Our Electricity FutureRegaining Control by Cutting Demand
and Increasing Renewable Energy
Not Quick, Not Cheap, Not EasyBut Worth Every Cent
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Outline• Cutting Demand
The California Experience
• Increasing Renewable EnergyGrowth of Wind Energy WorldwideCommunity WindAdvanced Renewable Tariffs How Farmers Could BenefitIncreasing Acceptance
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Coping with the Power CrisisBy Cutting Demand
• ConservationUsing Less
• Improved EfficiencyDoing More with Less*
• Renewable EnergyInvesting in the Future
*Buckminster Fuller
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Living Better on Less• 10 Million California Households• 2 x 100 W Bulbs• 2 x 25 W CF• 150 W Savings x 10 Million• = 1,500 MW Savings!
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Many More Opportunities• Task Lighting• Notebooks =
90% Savings!
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The Result in the Nies-Gipe Household
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The Result in California?
• 8-10% Savings
• We Coped with Crisis
• The Lights Stayed On
• Most Savings Permanent
• Homeowners Cut Bills 20%
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Overview of Worldwide Wind Development
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Colorado
California
Wind Energy Has Come of Age
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Paul Gipe & Assoc.
Montefalcone, Italy
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Galicia, Spain
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Why Wind?• Reduces Use of
Nuclear & Fossil Fuels
• Most Cost-Effective of New Renewables
• Relatively Benign
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Wind Energy’s Benefits• Clean & Green (Mostly)
No SOx, NOx, or CO2
• RenewableNet Positive Energy Balance (4-6 months)
• Domestic: Not Subject to Embargo• Does Not Consume Water• Modular = Flexible
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Wind Energy’s Impacts• Aesthetics or Intrusiveness• Erosion & Scarring from Roads
Length, Width, Number and Slope• Shadow Flicker & Disco Effect• Climate?• Noise--They are Audible• Wildlife
Habitat DisruptionBird Kills: Collisions, Electrocutions
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Birds & Bats• Serious Problem
Tarifa?Altamont Pass (150-300 Raptors/yr)
• A Concern ElsewhereBefore & After Studies of Big ProjectsStudies for Small Projects?
• No Quick Fixes--No PanaceasStripes & Whistles Don’t Work
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Why Now?• Wind Works
Greater Reliability
• Productivity ImprovedMore EfficientTaller Towers
• Costs DeclinedEconomies-of-Scale
84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97Year
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500Sales Price in US$/kW
0
200
400
600
800
1000 Yield in kWh/m2/yr
Sales PriceYield
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We Know What Works
Eole, Cap Chat
Adecon, Pincher Creek
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12.5 m, 40 kW
27 m, 225 kW
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40 m, 500 kW
80 m, 1.8 MW
Kincardine, Ontario
Northern Ireland
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Wind is Flexible• Scale
Big or Small Projects
• LocationNear or Far
• TimeShort Lead Times
• OwnershipLocal or Absentee
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Wind is Modular
• Quickly Installed• When Needed• As Needed• Where Needed• By Anyone
Tehachapi, California
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World Wind Generating Capacity
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
Year
05
101520253035404550
Thousand MW
Other AsiaEurope North America
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Wind Energy is a Real BusinessUS$19 Billion in 2004
O&M4%
Electricity Sales39%
Project Development57%
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2004 World Wind Capacity
7,200 MW 34,700 MW
4,100 MW
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Wind Growing Rapidly• Germany
2,100 MW in 200420,000 MW by 200630,000 MW by 2012
• Spain2,000 MW in 2004
• France14,000 MW Filed
• USA: 500-2,000 MW/yr• Growth: 20%-40%/yr
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High Penetration is PossiblePercent Wind
The Netherlands 2%
Spain 6.5%
Germany 5.3%
Germany 2012 10%
Denmark 20%
Germany 2025 25%
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Wind WorksJobs in the Wind Industry
Europe Direct Indirect Total
Germany 7,500 37,500 45,000
Denmark 8,600 4,300 13,000
Spain 7,000 15,000 22,000
Total 80,000
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North American Wind Capacity
2,100
11 2 1,300
270
5806
100
500
260 350260
35
240
110
22
95050
70
15
130
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2004 Installed Wind CapacityWhere Pennsylvania Stands
Germany
Spain
USA
Denmark
California
Texas
Pennsylvania
0 5 10 15 20Megawatts (Thousands)
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Era of Distributed Generation• Here Now• Resilient, Not Brittle• Short Lead Times• Near Load, Less Losses• Opportunity for Many• Fosters Energy Awareness
Alberta, Canada Ontario, Canada
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Local Wind Adds Resiliency to High Voltage System*
• Near LoadBoosts HV System
• Small ProjectsCan be Sized to Load
• Less Losses• Outages Small
Easily Corrected
*Amory & Hunter Lovins, Brittle Power, 1983.
Port Albert, Ontario
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Alberta, Canada
Montana, USA
Distributed Wind Energy
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Distributed Wind Energy
Hohe Westerwald, Germany
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Distributed Wind EnergyThy, Denmark
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Distributed Wind Energy
Ostfriesland, Germany
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Why the European Success?• #1 Public Involvement
Germany & Denmark
• #2 Advanced Renewable Tariffs16 EU Countries use Electricity Feed Laws
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Community Wind--The Third WayWind Energy As If People Matter
1. Large Wind Power Plants2. Small Wind Turbines3. Locally-Owned Commercial Turbines
Wind Coop Meeting, Copenhagen, Denmark
©Jen Larsen, KMoE
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What is Community Power?• Local
Rooted in and Responsible to the Community
• Locally OwnedCooperative, First Nation, Farmer-Owned
• Commercial-Scale Generation• Small Projects Making a Big Difference
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Why Community Power?• More Acceptance• More Power More Quickly• More People Involved Locally• More Money Locally• More Jobs Locally
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Increasing Acceptance #1
“Your Own Pigs Don’t Stink”
Jutland, Denmark
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Why Community Wind?• Participation = Greater Acceptance• Distributed = Greater Resiliency• Clean & Green (Mostly)• Human Scale• Enables Local Ownership• New Cash Crop For Farmers
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Danish Co-ops(Vindmølleaug or Fællesmølle)
• 1/4 Capacity Nationwide• ~ $1.5 Billion• 100,000 Households Own Shares• 5% of Population
Velling Mærsk-Tændpibe
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German Co-ops(Bürgerbeteiligung)
• 1/3 Total Capacity• ~$5 Billion• 300,000 Own Shares• 2/3 Schleswig-Holstein• 4/5 Nordfriesland Amt
Hooksiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
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Sydthy Kabelaug Denmark
• 16 km of Buried Cable• Direct to HV Network• 26 x V27s (225 kW)• ~1 Million kWh/unit• Mostly Pig Farmers
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Middelgrunden Co-op København
• 20 x 2 MW Off-shore• 1/2 Owned by Co-op• 1/2 Owned by Utility• 8,500 Investors• ~$1,000 per Share• Visible from Folketing
©Bonus a/s
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Paderborn Co-op Germany • 4 Wind Plants• 17 Companies• 80 x 1.5 MW• 110 MW• $200 Million• 780 ha (2,000 ac)• All Companies Local• All Pay Local Taxes
Enercon E66
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Wieringemeer Noord Holland
• 5 x 600 kW• Co-owned
1/2 by Two Farmers1/4 by Manufacturer1/4 by Utility
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Toronto WindShare• First Urban Turbine in N.A.• Co-Owned
WindShare Co-opToronto Hydro
• Prominent Location• Highly Visible• Highly Popular
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So How Do We Get There?
How Do We Develop Community Power?
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Goals?• Need Ambitious Targets
Bold Vision Enlists Public SupportGermany--50%!
• Aiming Too Low Never the Road to Success
• Bold MeasuresCut Consumption Dramatically (1/3)Implement Advanced Renewable Tariffs
New Deal for Pennsylvania Farmers
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Pennsylvania is a New Market
• Offers Great Promise• Potentially Large Market• Lure to Manufacturers
Gamesa
• New Markets Grow FastWhen Conditions are Right
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Growth Quickens in New Markets
• “Take-Off” is Shorter• Benefit from Experience• Better Turbines• Bigger Turbines
27 m, 225 kW
80 m, 1.8 MW
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Elements of Success in Europe• Right Price for Fixed Period• Right of Interconnection• By-Right Permitted Rural Use
Renewable Tariffs Launched
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
Year
0
5
10
15
20
Thousand MW Total
SpainGermany
Renewable Tariffs Launched
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What Has Worked in Europe• What Works
Advanced Renewable Tariffs (ARTs)Also Known as Standard Offer Contracts
• Proof is in the MarketARTs Markets = Many PlayersQuota Markets = Few PlayersRFP Markets = No Manufacturers
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Advanced Renewable Tariffs• Creates Dynamic Markets• Ensures Price Stability• Encourages Manufacturing• Offers Opportunity to Many Players
Farmers (New Cash Crop)CommunitiesCo-opsWind Companies
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Advanced Renewable Tariffs• What Are They?
Political Price, Not Political QuotaSimple Contracts
• How Do They Work?Simple & ComprehensibleLittle or No Administration
• Where?
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Renewable Energy Tariffs Existing Proposed
Germany Turkey (Wind)Spain Czech RepublicFrance IndiaThe Netherlands California SB1 (PV)Portugal Italy (PV)Austria PEI, Canada?Brazil OntarioGreece Minnesota C-BEDChina (March 05) Washington StateIreland (April 05)
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Advanced Renewable TariffsEndorsements
• Ontario Ruling Party• National Farmers Union
OntarioCanada
• Great Lakes United (NGO)
Ferndale, Ontario
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Political Price-Political Amount Markets
Feed Law, Germany
Feed Law, Spain
Quota-RFP, Britain
Quota-RPS, Italy
0 10 20 30 40 50Thousands
Wind CapacityJobs
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Renewable Tariffs & Solar Photovoltaics in Germany
Renewable Tariffs Launched
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
Year
0100200300400500600700
MW Total
Renewable Tariffs Launched
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Renewable Tariffs & Solar Photovoltaics in Germany• 2004
20,000 New Systems100%GrowthUS$2.5 Billion Private InvestmentTotal of 110,000 SystemsTotal of 700 MW
• Costs Dropped 25% Since 1999• Second Only to Japan
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Photovoltaic Market Leaders
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04
Year
050
100150200250300350
MW Installed per Year
USAGermanyJapan
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German Renewable Generation
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05
Year
0
10
20
30
40
50
TWh Generated per Year
Feed Law (StrEG)ARTs (EEG)
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Germany’s Renewable TariffsThe Results
• Renewables from EEG 9% of Supply• Renewables Generating 40 TWh/yr• 45,000 Employed in Wind Industry• 15,000 Employed in PV Industry• 135,000 Employed in Renewables• 110,000 Jobs in Wind by 2010
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Germany’s Renewable TariffsThe Results
• 110,000 PV Installations• 2,000 Biomass Plants• 6,000 Hydro Plants• 16,500 Wind Turbines• Total of 135,000 Generators!
DeWind
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External Costs of Generation
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Wind
$CAD/kWh
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
EU financed international study: ExternE
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Climate Change External Costs Avoided
Olav Hohmeyer, U. Flensburg
Wind Water PV Biomass
Year
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
€/kWh32$/tC / YOLL 32$/tC / VSL590$/tC / YOLL 590$/tC / VSL
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Community Wind is About People
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How Wind Can Benefit Farmers• Royalties
Lowest RiskDeveloper Bears Risk
Lowest Rewards% of Gross Revenue
• OwnershipRisk Born Directly
Wind RiskTechnology RiskPolitical Risk
All Profit Owned by Farmer
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Royalties & Land Rents1-10 10-20 20-30
Cielo Wind Power, NM 6%German Average 5%Indian Mesa, TX 4% 6% 8%Woodward Mesa, TX 4% 6%US BLM, CA 4%Freiburg, Germany 3.8% 5.4%Portugal 2.5%Ontario 2-2.75
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Potential per Farm
• 1MW Turbine, 60 m Ø, 80 m Tower• $1 million Installed• 1.5-2.0 million kWh/Year • $150,000/Year Net @ $0.10/kWh • Simple Payback: 10 Years• Second 10 Years: $1.5 million
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Increasing Acceptance #2• Minimize Wind’s Footprint
Physical--Roads, Foundations, BuildingsEnvironmental & Visual
• Seek Harmonywith Neighbors & the Environment
• Wind as a part of the Landscape • Not a Wind Landscape
as in California
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Public Opinion Surveys• “Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder”
True, But Most People Agree on “Beauty”
• Broad Support ~ 70%-90%On Both Sides of the Atlantic
• In the Abstract!Benefits GlobalImpacts Local
Paul Gipe & Assoc.
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Avoid Garish Patterns
Tvindkraft
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No Billboards
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No Logo!Or Subtle Logo Only
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In Sum . . . Be A Good Neighbor
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. . . With Rural Residential
Wind Energy is CompatibleWith Most Existing Land Uses
Yorkshire, England
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. . . With Commercial Uses
Lauwersoog, the Netherlands
Westerwald, Germany
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. . . With Harbors
Ebeltoft, Denmark
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. . . With Row Crops
Minnesota, USA
KaiserWilhelmkoog, Germany
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. . . With Grazing
Noordoost Polder, the Netherlands
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. . . With Tourism
Lille Havfrue, København
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. . . With Schools
Forest City, Iowa
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. . . With Some ParksDepending Upon the Level of Protection
Wellington (Brooklyn), NZ
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. . . With Outdoor Recreation
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. . . With Cycling
Royd Moor, England
Westerwald, Germany
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. . . With Religious Sites
White Deer, TexasMontefalcone, Italy
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. . . With Walking & Jogging
Dunkerque, France
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. . . With Long Distance Trails
Paul Gipe & Assoc. Col de la Teixeta, Catalonia (ES)
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. . . With Hiking
Tehachapi Pass, California
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Wind Turbines. . . Sell Beer, Bier, Birra, Cerveza
Jever, D
Thyolmer, DK
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. . . Sell Music CDs
Paul Gipe & Assoc.Petra’s “Unseen Power” (Christian Rock)
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. . . Promote Community
Wellington, NZ
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. . . Pave the SidewalkAnd the Way to the Future
Wellington (Brooklyn), NZ
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Renewables:
When You Look Closely . . .
. . . Worth Every Cent
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Community Renewable Energy
Technology for Life*
*from N.F.S. Grundtvig
For Today and for Tomorrow
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Renewables Work!
www.ontario-sea.org