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DIRECT HEAT UTILIZATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
John W. Lund
DirectorGeo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of TechnologyKlamath Falls, Oregon, USA
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World Wide Direct Utilization (1)
• Approximately 72 countries
• Installed capacity: 28,268 MWt
• Energy Use: 273,372 TJ/yr (75,943 GWh/yr)
World Wide
• Energy Use: 273,372 TJ/yr (75,943 GWh/yr) (enough to heat 3.4 million homes)
• Saving 129 million bbl (19.2 mill. tonnes) of oil per year
• Largest use: geothermal (ground-source) heat pumps used for both heating and cooling
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What is Direct-Use:Heating and Cooling
• Swimming, bathing and balneology• Space heating and cooling
– Including district energy (heating/cooling) systems
• Agriculture applications• Agriculture applications– Greenhouse heating
• Aquaculture applications– Fish pond and raceway heating
• Industrial processes– Including food and grain drying
• Geothermal heat pumps
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Identifiedreservoirs
2428
323640
Frequency vs ReservoirTemperature
194 266 338 410 482 554 626Reservoir Temperature (oF)
90 130 170 210 250 290 330048
12162024
Reservoir Temperature (oC)Data taken from USGS Circular 790
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400oF (200oC)
300oF (150oC)
200oF (95oC)
100oF (40oC)
0oF (-20oC)
Temperature use for direct use applications
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Advantages of Direct-Use of Geothermal Energy
• Can use low- to intermediate temperature resources (<150oC)
• These resources are more wide-spread (80 countries)countries)
• Direct heat use (no conversion – high efficiency)• Use conventional water-well drilling equipment• Use conventional, off-the-shelf equipment
– (allow for temperature and chemistry of fluid)
• Minimum start-up-time
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Advantages of Direct-Use of Geothermal Energy
• Can be used on a small scale (“mom and pop operation”)– Individual home– Single greenhouse– Single aquaculture pond
• Can also be large scale operation– District heating– Food, lumber and mineral ore drying
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Equipment (1)
• Often necessary to isolate geothermal fluid to prevent corrosion or scaling
• Care taken to prevent oxygen from entering • Care taken to prevent oxygen from entering system
• Dissolved gases and minerals (boron, arsenic, hydrogen sulfide, etc.) May be harmful to plants and animals
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Equipment (2)
• Downhole and circulation pumps
• Heat exchangers
Typical equipment includes:
• Heat exchangers
• Transmission and distribution pipelines
• Heat extraction equipment
• Peaking or back-up plants
• Fluid disposal system
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PLATE HEATEXCHANGER
ENERGY
USERSYSTEM
1300F(550C)
1700F(750C)
INJECTIONWELLHEADEQUIPMENT
PRODUCTIONWELLHEADEQUIPMENT
GEOTHERMAL 1400F(600C)
1800F(800C)
(750C)
PEAKING/BACKUP
UNIT
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Wells Pumps
• Lineshaft – motor on surface (most common in the US) (often used with
Two types used:
common in the US) (often used with variable frequency drive) <250 m
• Submersible – motor below water (most common in Europe)
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MotorControls
Wellhead
ElectricCableCheck
Valve
WellCasing
Multi-Stage
Motor
Wellhead
VariableSpeed Drive
Controls
LineshaftBearing Lubrication
Column Spacer
See DetailDrawings
Shaft
Production
Open LineshaftBearing Lubrication
Lineshaft
Pump Column
Column Spacer(Centralizer)
Coupling
Multi-StagePump
PumpIntake
Seal Section(protector)
PotheadSeal
ElectricMotor
PumpIntake
Multi-StagePump
DischargeHead
ProductionTubing
(Pump Column)
Enclosed LineshaftBearing Lubrication
WellCasing
Enclosing Tube
Column Spacer
Lineshaft
Pump Column
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Heat Exchangers
• Shell and tube
• Plate
• Downhole• Downhole
• Room heat convectors
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Plate heat exchanger
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Downhole heat exchanger
D
Convectorradiators
Expansion tank
Thermostat
Building lines
Manuallycontrolled
valveMotorized valve
Unionconnectors Manually
controlledvalve
T
Water level
Casing
Slotted casing
U-shaped D.H.E.about 0.25 (D)in diameter
Conventionpromoting pipeabout 0.5 (D) in diameter
Cement grout
Perforations
Casing
3/4" φ pipe
2 1/2" φ pipe
3/4" φ pipe
Water level
Perforations
Geothermalaquifer
Domestichot water
Citywater
Similar toother side
Pressurerelief valve
Pressurereducing valve
valve
Open space
valve
Cover plate
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Hot Water
a)
Warm Air
Hot Water
Warm Water
Air
Warm Air Hot Water
Warm Water
Air
Warm Air
Hot Water
Warm Water
Hot Water
Warm Water
Air
b)
c)
d)
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Piping (1)
• Above ground
• Below ground
Location
• Below ground
• Problems- Metallic - external corrosion – if direct buried
- Non-metallic <100°C
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Piping (2)
• Carbon steel >100oC– Expansion loops or bellows
• FRP or PVC <100oC – Fiberglass reinforced plastic and polyvinylchloride
Material
plastic and polyvinylchloride• AC – Asbestos cement
– Environmental limitation– Longest = Deildartunga – Akranes, Iceland at 62 km
• Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) good to 90oC and 550 Pa (5.5 bar) – used for snow melting
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Concrete BlockGravel
Concrete
Polyurethaneor Rock Wool
Insulation
Steel Pipe
Roller and Pad
Aluminium orGalvanized SteelProtective Cover
DrainPipe
Gravel Fill
Soil Fill
Steel Pipe
Polyurethane orRock Wool Insulation
Concrete Duct
Expanded Polystyrene Insulation
Wooden Board
Earth
Compacted Gravel
Sand Layeraround Pipe
Gravel Layer
PolyethyleneCover
PolyethyleneFoam
Steel Pipe
Earth Scoria (Volcanic Gravel)
Drainage Trench
1.51
0.75
1
Soil
Grass Cover
Asbestos Cementor Plastic Pipe
a) b)
c)d)
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Swimming, Bathing and Balneology (1)
• Main Users (past and present)– Romans
– Chinese– Chinese
– Ottomans (Turks)
– Japanese
– Central Europeans
– American Indians (Mexico and USA regions)
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Swimming, Bathing and Balneology (2)
• Spa, Belgium– Originator of the name– Resort town
• Japan• Japan– 2200 hot springs– 100 million guests per year– Beppu
• Most famous hot springs city
• New Zealand – Rotorua– WWII – Queen Elizabeth Hospital
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Swimming, Bathing and Balneology (3)
• Former Czechoslovakia– 1000 years of use (Romans)– 60 resorts– 460,000 patients/year– 460,000 patients/year
• USA – used by Indians for 10,000 years– The “Great Spirit”– Neutral ground– Recuperated from battle– Today – 115 major geothermal spas– Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas
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Glenwood Springs, Colorado
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Space Conditioning (1)
• Individual wells for a building or several buildings using pumps or downhole heat exchangers
• Klamath Falls, Oregon• Klamath Falls, Oregon• Reno, Nevada• Rotorua, New Zealand• Taupo, New Zealand• Several Places in Turkey
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Space Conditioning (2)
• District heating in at least 12 countries
• Piping system– Single pipe – once through system – disposal– Single pipe – once through system – disposal
• Environmental problems
– Two pipe – recirculation – residual heat conserved
• 20 to 30% more expensive
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Examples of Geothermal District Heating System
Hitaveita Reykjavikur, Iceland (1930)• 200,000 people• 80 million m 3 of fluid/year – 91 wells• 60,000 homes (58 X10 6 m3)• 60,000 homes (58 X10 6 m3)• 80oC water supplied• 3,846 km of pipelines• 3850 GWh/yr (13,840 TJ/yr)• 924 MWt peak power (1264 MWt
capacity)• 5258 L/s (peak) – 2332 L/s average)• LF = 0.44
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ELLIDAÁR
Deep well pumps
PumpingStation
Deaerator
85-900C
900C
Storage Tanks
Oil fired peak powerstation 100 MWt
Heating
800C 350C1270C 1270C
Mixing
800C 350CDrain
Drain
Snowmelting
REYKIRGeothermal field1700 kg/s
Heating
900C 800C 350C
ELLIDAÁRGeothermal field220 kg/s
80 C 35 C1270C 127 C
Heating
LAUGARNESGeothermal Field330 kg/s
Drain
Heating
Geothermalwells
350C800C
NESJAVELLIR
Drain830C
Cold waterwells
Drain
200 MWt
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1930s
1980s Today
1930s
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District Heating – Examples (2)
• 60o to 100oC
• Doublet wells 1,500 to 2,000 m deep
Paris Basin (Melun), France
• Doublet wells 1,500 to 2,000 m deep
• 500,000 people – 40 projects
• Heat pumps and fossil fuel boilers assist to provide 70oC water to user
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Heat Exchangers700C 350C
Space Heating70-80 m3/h
650C
AEREAL VIEW OF THE MELUN
l’ALMONT DRILL SITE
Domestic Water20-30 m3/h
Production95 m3/h
Reinjection
Heat Exchangers
650C
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Suwa, JapanSuwa, Japan
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Agribusiness Applications (1)• Greenhouse heating (flowers, vegetables, tree
seedlings)– Up to 35% savings due to heating costs
• Animal pen heating and cleaning• Animal pen heating and cleaning• Soil warming• Crop irrigation• Mushroom raising• Soil and mulch sterilization• Aquaculture
– 50% increase in growth rate– Catfish, shrimp, tilapia, eels, tropical fish
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Agribusiness Applications (2)
• Must consider heavy metals, fluorides, chlorides, arsenic and boron in fluid
• Can produce CO2 for greenhouses to improve growthgrowth– Iceland, New Zealand
• Wairakei, New Zealand– Malaysian prawns– 30 tonnes per year– Selling for US$37 to 60/kg
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Tianjin, China
Peking Duck
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59oC geo.
14 kg/h 4 t/yr dried
Tomato drying - GreeceTomato drying - Greece
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32 50 68 86 104
75
100
125
Temperature 0F
LETTUCE TOMATO
0 5 10 15 20 25 3530 400
25
50
Temperature 0C
CUCUMBER
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Greenhouse in Greece
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Temperature 0F32
Cows
68 86 104
100
80
60
50
Trout
Chickens
Temperature 0C
0 10 20 30 40
40
20
0
Shrimp Catfish
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Aquaculture examplesAquaculture examples
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Aquaculture – Example
Wairakei, New Zealand – freshwater prawns• 19 ponds – 0.2 to .35 ha – 1.0 to 1.2 m deep• 24oC – effluent from power plant• Produces 30 tonnes/yr• Harvested after 9 months at 30 to 40/kg• Sold for US$37/kg wholesale and US$60/kg retail• 90% sold to restaurant on the property• 25,000 tourists/yr• Future expansion to 40 ha and will produce 400
tonnes/yr – income of US$ 6.7 million
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Refrigeration
• Lithium bromide system (most common – uses water as the refrigerant)– Supplies chilled water for space and process cooling –
above the freezing pointabove the freezing point– The higher temperature, the more efficient (can use
geothermal fluids below 100oC – however, >115oC better for 100% efficiency)
• Ammonia absorption used for refrigeration below freezing normally large capacity and require geothermal temperatures above 120oC
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Oregon Institute of Technology – chiller
89oC producing 7oC chilled water @ 38 l/s
1 MWt installed – 500 kW net
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Heat Pumps (1)
• Used for both heating and cooling
• Heated capacity of 3 kW to 1,500 kW
• 43 countries• 43 countries
• 2,800,000 units installed world-wide
• Growing at the rate 17 to 18 %/year
• COP of 4 (75% savings in electricity)
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Heat Pumps (2)
• Ground source and geothermal heat pumps (GSHP or GHP) – uses 5 to 30°C ground temperature
• 50 to 100% more efficient than air source, since uses constant temperature resourceuses constant temperature resource
• Ground coupled– Horizontal in trenches 1 – 3 m deep– Vertical in 10 cm diameter 50 – 60 m deep drillholes– Others
• Ground water– Using well water
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verticalhorizontal
direct
pondtwo well
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Industrial Applications
• Oldest: Larderello, Italy – boric acid and borate compounds processed since 1790
• New Zealand: pulp, paper and wood processing at KawerauKawerau
• Iceland: diatomaceous earth drying – Myvatn
• USA: vegetable dehydration (onion) –Nevada gold extraction (heap leaching) - Nevada
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Industrial application examplesIndustrial application examples
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More industrial application examplesMore industrial application examples
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InsulationFeed Conveyor
Feed
Geothermally HeatedHot Water Coils
Insulation
Conveyor Belt
A
Section A-A’
AirDistributionGrating
To Stack
A’Product
Fan
Food dehydration belt dryer
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Wet rice
100F 1670F
Drying zone
Rice dryer – Macedonia
75oC resource – 35oC air – 10 t/h – 1,360 kWt
Dried rice
Heating air
Cooling airCooling zone
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NEW TRENDS
• COMBINED HEAT AND POWER PLANTS– Low temperature resources used for
binary power production and cascaded for direct usefor direct use
– Temperatures as low as 98 oC are being used
– Makes efficient use of the resources– Improves economics
• See GHC Quarterly Bulletin 26/2 (June 05)
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Refrigeration
Food Processing ApartmentBuilding
Greenhouse
1000C
RefrigerationPlant
Power Plant
Fish Farm2000C
Cascading to maximize useof the geothermal energy
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COMBINED GEOTHERMAL HEAT AND POWER PROJECT NEUSTADT GLEWE,
GERMANY• Wells drilled 1986 and 1989 – 2,300 m• Geothermal water at 98ºC – 1,700 l/s• Heat plant provides basic load for district • Heat plant provides basic load for district
heating network – 11 MW (thermal)– 6 MW geothermal – 95% of energy
• 210 kWe binary power plant added meeting the electricity demands for 500 households
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Future Developments• Collocated resources and use
– Within 8 km apart
• Sites with high heat and cooling load density– > 37 MWt/km2
• Food and grain dehydration• Food and grain dehydration– Especially in tropical areas where spoilage is common
• Greenhouses in colder climates• Aquaculture
– Optimize growth – even in warm climates
• Ground coupled and groundwater heat pumps– For both heating and cooling
• Combined heat and power projects - cascading
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Thank You