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Diencephalon & Autonomic Nervous System
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Objectives Identify all of the subcortical fasciculi and tracts Define projection, commissural, and association fibers For each fasciculus or tract, identify the type of fibers it consists of and
the regions it connects.
Compare and contrast the changes that occur to the different regions of
the cortex throughout a lifespan.
Describe the Anatomy, Blood supply and Functions of Diencephalon
structures:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland
Epithalamus & Pineal Gland
Subthalamus
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Thalamus
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Thalamus
3 types of nuclei (by function)
Relay nuclei – relays information not involved in a loop
Example: sensory information from face VPM somatosensory
cortex
Association nuclei – nuclei involved in executive functioning
loops
Example: mediodorsal nucleus is involved in the limbic loop (pg
421 LE)
Nonspecific nuclei – receive info from several regions, send info
to entire cortex, involved with alertness and arousal
Example: intralaminar nuclei
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Thalamus Blood Supply
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Hypothalamus
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Hypothalamus 3 zones:
Periventricular zone
oxytocin - intimacy
vasopressin - water retention
Medial zone (3 regions):
Supraoptic region
satiety center – body composition
Suprachiasmatic n. - circadian rhythm
Tuberal region
satiety center – body composition
behavioral center – aggression, rage
Mammillary region
converts short term memory to long term memory (by connections with hippocampus
through fornix)
Lateral zone
involved with satiety
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Hypothalamus and Pituitary
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It’s Complicated!!
Do NOT need to know
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Full list of functions of hypothalamus and pituitary
Growth Blood pressure Some aspects of pregnancy and childbirth including stimulation
of uterine contractions during childbirth Breast milk production Sex organ functions in both males and females Thyroid gland function The conversion of food into energy (metabolism) Water and osmolarity regulation in the body Water balance via the control of reabsorption of water by the
kidneys Temperature regulation Pain relief
Source: Wikipedia
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Hypothalamus Blood Supply
Same as Thalamus!
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Epithalamus Pineal Gland
Releases melatonin Collects mineral deposits
Calcium, flouride, phosphorous Blood supply – no BBB!
Posterior Choroidal A.
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Subthalamus Involved in motor control Associated with the Basal Ganglia (striatum,
lentiform, PPN, substantia nigra)
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Objectives Compare and contrast the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems (neurotransmitters, receptors and effects)
Describe how afferent information enters the CNS Describe the difference between pre-ganglionic
and post-ganglionic Describe or draw the structure of the sympathetic
trunk Identify and locate the centers that control
respiration, cardiac regulation, and vasomotor regulation
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Organization
Neurotransmitters
Receptors Effects
Afferents
Efferents
Anatomy
Control Centers
Symp. Para.
Symp. Para.
Symp. Para. Symp. Para.
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Neurotransmitters Cholinergic – all preganglionic, &
postganglionic parasympathetic Adrenergic – postganglionic sympathetic
only Adrenal glands have no postganglionic
neuron – they receive acetylcholine and release adrenaline to bloodstream to stimulate sympathetic activity of all organs
Receptor types vary
Target Organ
SC Ganglia
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Discuss With a partner, 2 minutes
What is the significance of pre-ganglionic vs. post-ganglionic? How is this different from the somatic NS?
What systems are adrenaline and noradrenaline used in?
What systems are acetylcholine used in?
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Answers Pre-ganglionic is the neuron from the CNS
that ends in a peripheral ganglia Post-ganglionic is the neuron from the
peripheral ganglia that ends in a target organ The somatic NS has no synapses outside the
CNS Adrenaline & Noradrenaline are only in the
Sympathetic NS Acetylcholine is used in parasympathetic,
sympathetic, and somatic systems
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Receptors (sympathetic) Adrenergic receptors
(sympathetic on target organs) α1, a2, b1, b2, b3
a1 & a2 receptors constrict blood vessels to skin, viscera, brain, reproductive system, constrict bronchioles
B1 controls pacemaker potential
B2 dilates coronary arteries, arteries to skeletal muscles, dilates bronchioles
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Functions (sympathetic)
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Receptors (parasympathetic) Muscarinic & Nicotinic receptors
(parasympathetic) No parasympathetic receptors in
uterus a1 cause contraction & b2 cause
relaxation No parasympathetic receptors in
sweat glands, liver, most blood vessels, ventricular muscle
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Functions (parasympathetic) Dilate blood vessels to reproductive system
& salivary glands Decreases cardiac output Contracts bronchioles Constricts pupils
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Organization
Neurotransmitters
Receptors Effects
Afferents
Efferents
Anatomy
Control Centers
Symp. Para.
Symp. Para.
Symp. Para. Symp. Para.
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Visceral Afferents Organ splanchnic
nerves dorsal root ganglion spinal cord solitary nucleus
Collaterals synapse in laminae 5-6 of the spinal cord
Autonomic reflexes
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Parasympathetic Anatomy “Craniosacral outflow” Preganglionic somas located in solitary
n., ambiguus, dorsal motor n. of X (medulla), and sacral spinal cord
Vagus nerve and splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic axons
Ganglia are located near target organs
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Sympathetic Anatomy “Thoracolumbar outflow” Preganglionic somas located in the lateral
horn Postganglionic somas located in either the
sympathetic trunk/chain or near the target organs
Cervical cardiac and thoracic visceral nerves contain postganglionic axons
Thoracic, lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic axons
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Sympathetic trunk
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Venn Diagram
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Conclusion Hypothalamus & Pituitary ANS – parasympathetic vs sympathetic Sensory info from special regulatory
centers directly to Solitary nuc. Receptor types and neurotransmitter
types
Presentations If time – meet with groups