Download - Diagnostic Tools
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Diagnostic ToolsHB62010
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Signs
•Subjective observations (things that are observed or measured by another person)
•Examples:▫Rash▫Blood in urine▫Vomiting▫Temperature
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Symptoms
•Objective observations (things that a patient reports)
•Examples:▫Headache▫Stomach ache▫Tiredness/fatigue
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Identify the following as signs or symptoms:
•Nausea•High blood pressure (hypertension)•Broken leg identified on X-ray•Blisters on foot•Painful area of foot•Deformed kidney identified by ultrasound
•Sore back•Mental confusion
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Blood tests
•Proportions of various blood cells•Morphology (shape) of blood cells•Biochemistry
▫Glucose▫Calcium, sodium, potassium▫Liver enzymes▫Hormone levels▫Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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Urine tests
•Red blood cells•White blood cells•Bacteria•Protein•Crystals•Glucose, ketones
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Other non-invasive tests
•Listening to chest sounds•Heart rate, blood pressure•Visual observations•Peak flow meter•Breath test for Helicobacter pyloris•Reflexes
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Endoscopy•A tube containing optic fibres is passed into the body▫Some fibres transmit light
▫Some fibres transmit an image back to a monitor
▫Surgical tools can be used to take biopsies or carry out surgical procedures
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•Arthroscopy•Bronchoscopy•Gastroscopy- e.g. pill cam•Colonoscopy•Laparoscopy
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X-rays
•X-rays are produced by some radioactive materials
•High energy beams are passed through the body & strike a photographic film
•Gives limited information on soft tissues
•Too many X-rays can involve high exposures to radiation
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CT/CAT scans•Computed axial tomography
•Multiple high quality X-ray images are taken, & a computer builds them up into a 3-dimensional image
•Contrast dyes improve the image quality
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The negative side of CT scans
•Chest X-ray 0.1 mSv
•Head CT 1.5 mSv
•Screening mammography 3 mSv
•Abdomen CT 5.3 mSv
•Chest CT 5.8 mSv
•Chest, abdomen and pelvis CT 9.9 mSv
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MRI•Magnetic resonance imaging involves the use of powerful magnets
•These magnets excite electrons in cells, & a detector is used to take this information & build up an image from this
•Multiple scans can be used to build up a 3-dimensional image
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Functional MRI
•Areas of the brain ‘light up’ when carrying out certain processes
•Can identify regions of the brain involved in emotions etc.
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Ultrasound
•High frequency soundwaves are sent into the body
•The soundwaves bounce off structures (like radar/sonar), & a detector builds up an image
•Often used for pre-natal examinations of a developing baby
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ComparisonX-ray CT scan MRI Ultrasound
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Biopsies
•A small piece of tissue is excised (cut out) and examined under the microscope