Download - Diabetes
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Diabetes
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Diabetes
• Definition• Types• Pathophysiology• Diagnostic tests
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Diabetes classic symptoms
• Polyurea• Polydipsia• Polyphasia• History of recent , sudden weight loss
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Types of Diabetes
• Two most common types– Type 1– Type 2
• Other types– Gestational – Prediabetes– Secondary diabetes
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Diagnostic tests
• History and physical• Blood test• Urine• ECG• BP• Weight• Dental exam
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Blood Glucose monitors
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Glucose Continuum
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Type I Diabetes
• Description• Causes• Diagnostic tests• Sign and symptoms• Treatments
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Normal Insulin Secretion
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Insulin Preparations
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Insulin Pen
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Subcutaneous Injection Sites
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Type II Diabetes
• Description• Causes• Diagnostic tests• Sign and symptoms• Treatments
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Diabetes Ketoacidosis
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis
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Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Syndrome
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Nursing management DKA/HHS– Patient closely monitored• Administration
– IV fluids– Insulin therapy– Electrolytes
• Assessment – Renal status– Cardiopulmonary status– Level of consciousness
– Patient closely monitored• Signs potassium imbalance• Cardiac monitoring • Vital signs
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Types of Insulin– Rapid-acting: Lispro (Humalog), Aspart (Novolog),
and glulisine (Apidra), Exubera– Short-acting: Regular– Intermediate-acting: NPH – Long-acting: Glargine (Lantus), detemir (Levemir)
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Oral Agents
• Sulfonylureas• Meglitinides• Biguanides• α-Glucosidase inhibitors • Thiazolidinediones
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DiabetesNutritional Therapy
• Cornerstone of care for person with diabetes • Most challenging for many people • Recommended that diabetes nurse educator and
registered dietitian with diabetes experience be members of team
• American Diabetes Association (ADA)– Guidelines indicate that within context of an overall
healthy eating plan, person with diabetes can eat same foods as person who does not have diabetes
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Diabetes Exercise• Exercise– Essential part of diabetes management– ↑ Insulin receptor sites – Lowers blood glucose levels– Contributes to weight loss– Several small carbohydrate snacks can be taken every 30
minutes during exercise to prevent hypoglycemia – Best done after meals– Exercise plans should be started
• After medical clearance• Slowly with gradual progression
– Should be individualized– Monitor blood glucose levels before, during, and after
exercise
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Nursing Diagnoses
• Ineffective therapeutic regimen management• Risk for injury• Risk for infection• Powerlessness• Imbalanced nutrition: More than body
requirements