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Development Progeria:
Deconstructing the Decline of Manufacturing
Raul V. Fabella
UP School of Economics
and
National Academy of
Science and Technology
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Good News
• 7.62% GDP growth S1 2013;
Industry/Manufacturing grew faster than
Services (10.57/9.9 vs 7.14%)
• Gross International Reserve (~$83b)
• Upgrades: Investment grade credit rating
• Record interest on PEZA by Foreign
Investors seeking diversification venue
• Peso appreciation reversal: ER at P43.40
– no gain in competitiveness
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Bad News
• Acts of God and Man: Yoly, Earthquake.
CDO
• $3.7b Portfolio Investment versus $1.5b
DFI in 2012 : still the old familiar patter
• Fixed Capital Investment low: 19%
• Jobless growth
• Very low power reserve
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Development Progeria: What?
• A Low Income Economy exhibits the
Industry Value-Added Share dynamics
of High Income Mature Economies.
• Service sector share rises; the Industry
and Manufacturing shares fall;
• Results in: Non-Convergent Growth
Trajectory: low investment rate, slow GDP
growth, slow poverty reduction.
• Contrasts with “Catch-up growth path.”
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Development Progeria: Technically
Let M, I, S be the Share of Manufacturing,
Industry, Services, respectively, in Total
Value Added in a Low Income Developing
Country. Development Progeria exists if
within a given period:
∆M/M, ∆I/I < 0;
∆S/S > 0
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Figure 1. Trajectory of Philippine Value-Added by Industry as % Shares of GDP, 1986-2009
Data Source: World Bank World Dev. Indicators
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Figure 2. Per Capita Income (US$), 1991 and 2002
Data Source: World Bank World Dev. Indicators
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Figure 3. Change in % Industry Shares 1986 to 1996
Data Source: World Bank World Dev. Indicators
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Figure 4. Change in % Industry Shares1996 to 2009
Data Source: World Bank World Dev. Indicators
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Figure 5. Change in Employment Share of Industry, 2000-2010
Data Source: World Bank World Dev. Indicators
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Data Source: World Bank World Dev. Indicators
Figure 6. Development Progeria in Latin America, 1990-2010
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Genesis of Development Progeria
• Strong Peso: erodes the competitiveness
of Manufacturing (Tradables) including
Agriculture (ginger and garlic), BPO
• Weak Institutions drive Investment from
Manufacturing (Tradables) to Services
(Non-Traded) Sectors (Rodrik, 2008).
• Emergence of low cost manufacturing
countries: PRC, India, Bangla Desh
• Where we act with dispatch: Peso policy
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Implications
• Slow per capita income growth
• Low Investment Rate
• Slow job creation
• Slow poverty reduction
• Possible explanation for “Middle Income
Trap”
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Remedies
• Exchange Rate protectionism: China
• Celebrate Investment by:
Simplifying regulations in Mining
Sweeping away distortions
Reducing electricity prices
Lifting land ceiling in Agri/end CARP
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The Malady
Development Progeria
Note: Progeria is genetic malfunction
where children 6 years of age diplay the
physical features of a person of 60.
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In the Service of the Strong Peso:
Junctures
• 1985 and the Interest Rate Cure through
JOBO Bills: shrunk the economy to fit the
overvalued peso! Neutered the Cory
recovery.
• 1995 and “Over my dead body!”: The BSP
embraced peso appreciation and told
Banks to borrow abroad; bust effectively
neutered the Ramos recovery.
• 2013 Upgrades: Will the PNoy recovery
be neutered by peso appreciation?
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The Lime Factory Parable
• Geo-7: a group of entrepreneurial
scientists raised money to invest in lime
production in Bohol in mid-1990,
• Decided to postpone and instead put
capital in bubbly stock market; made
quick abnormal paper profits; savvy!
• 1998: collapse of the bubble: lost capital
• Lime factory ditched: 10 jobs aborted.
• Why is the decline of M bad?
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Investment, Growth, Poverty Reduction
• Cross country panel regression:
Manufacturing and Service Shares in
Value Added against (1) Gross Fixed
Capital Formation (GDCF % of GDP),, Per
Capita Income Growth and Poverty
Incidence (WB WDI, 1991-2010)
• Cross country panel regression: the ratio
of Manufacturing and Service Shares in
Value Added against the same concerns
(WB WDI, 1991-2010)
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Gross fixed capital formation/GDP
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Gross fixed capital formation/GDP
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Per Capita Income Growth
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Per Capita Income Growth
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Poverty Incidence Growth
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Poverty Incidence Growth
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First Pass Results
• Manufacturing Share positive/significant
for investment rate and for per capita
income growth; negative/significant for
poverty reduction; by contrast,
• Service Sector Share negative/significant
for investment rate, income growth and
poverty incidence;
• Manuf/Service Sector Share
positive/significant for the Investment
Rate, per capita income growth.
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Progeriacs and Jobless Growth
• Service Sector dominated by informal
firms with low scale-up potential,
• Employment in the Service Sector: mostly
low income, distress-coping, unstable
• GDP growth from asset price bubbles
(PSEI 40% growth) create few jobs but
lucky asset holders can afford caviar
and Ferraris
• We must give Manufacturing and
Tradables sectors breathing space.
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Reasons for Hope
• The new BSP dispensation more
pragmatic
• Wider agreement on policy goal but not
yet on instruments (Sec Balisacan’s
statement)
• New PHL economy (BOP surplus; high
GIR) means we can say “no.”
• Wider acceptance of the mantra: “A
weak peso leads to a strong economy.”
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Maraming Salamat
at
Mabuhay Kayo
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Private Gross fixed capital formation
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Private Gross fixed capital formation
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Growth Rates Industry Sectors: 2003-12
-1.9
11.6
6.8
-4.8
11.2
5.4
8.3
3.4
7.6
-6.0
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
(in
pe
rce
nt)
Growth Rates (in %), 2003-2012
Industry Manufacturing Services
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Growth Rates by Industry by Quarters:
2008-2013
-5.8
15.7
10.9
-7.7
18.3
9.7
2.1
8.4
7.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
(in
pe
rce
nt)
Quarterly Growth Rates (in %), 2008-2013
Industry Manufacturing Services