Download - Development Infancy & Childhood
DevelopmentDevelopmentInfancy & ChildhoodInfancy & Childhood
DevelopmentDevelopmentInfancy & ChildhoodInfancy & Childhood
INUTERO
• Hereditary characteristics• Environment/surroundings• Nature vs. Nurture controversy begin
– Are we born a certain way OR are we made that way by our experiences?
Hereditary
• Genes=basic units• Chromosomes:where genes are carried• Zygote: 2 gametes unite (46 chromosomes)
Maturation Processes• Automatic sequential events in
development• Many behaviors are not learned ex.
Walking• Need nutrition, safety, and stimulation
to prevent slowing/stopping the process
• Some behaviors are intrinsic (not learned)
• Dog wagging its tail• Smiling• Some are imitation & best learned b4
age 12– Ex. accents
Family Structures– Parents
+children______Nuclear
– Other relatives +parents +children
_________Extended
Newer Structures• Divorces: 90% of custody goes to
womenBad: women pd less than men,
unstable to lack both parents
Good: arguments can ruin child’s security, teaches poor prblm. Solving.
• Step FamiliesDifficult: Parents must discuss rules/discipline
Can cause resentmentSame-Sex families: Increasing w/
increased adoptions
Change Benefit Drawback
Moms work outside home
No proven neg. if mom givesGive affection & clear guidelines when she is home
Spend ½ as much time w/ children
Inc. in stay-at-home dads
Affectionate Dads inc. the child’s indep. & self-worth
Regardless of dad@home, w/ love kids develop the same..can be easier w/2 pple. Working @ it
Parenting Strategy
Benefit Drawback
Permissive+ let kids do what they want
none Don’t learn about acceptable behavior & consequences, inc. chance of impulsive bhvr., dec. self-confidence, trble. w/decisions, poor peer relationships
Authoritarian:Make & enforce rules but are flexible
Teach how to make your own decisions, listen & offer suggestions, inc. self-confidence & good pple. skills
None
Dictatorial: rigid, inflexible
Perceived as fair Leads to poor decision making, moodiness, low self-esteem and poor relationships
Over-effort(helicopter)
Shows care for child
Doesn’t inc. love of music, language etc.Inc. fear/anxiety
Physical Punishment (non-abusive hitting/slapping)
Quick bhvr. Change
Does not teach rt. & wrongSign of parent wanting love & not to love
Growth Cycles• Body parts develop @ diff. rates• Females= continuous growth &
faster to develop mentally & physically
• Boys=slower & in spurts
Critical Periods• Time period when a skill may be
learned it will not be learned ( or will be painfully difficult!)
• Ex. languages
Language Skills
• Babbling=norm. to explore new sounds– Imitation teaches what sounds to
keep– Your language/word choice is
effected by environment (wicked, y’all, A’H)
Early Life• Lived in
Bronxville, NY• Interested in
morals after the Holocaust
• Graduated College in 1 Year (Chicago)
His Career• Taught at Yale & Harvard
(psychology)• Made “just communities @
schools & prisons=democracy to make all decisions
His Death• Did cross-cultural
studies in Belize• Got a parasite• Chronic depression
& pain • Left Boston Memorial
Hospital & drowned himself in Boston Harbor
Moral Development Theory
• Preconventional• Younger than 6
• Morals based on authority
• No abstract ideas of right/wrong
• Only think about punishment/reward
• Think all good bhvrs. Should get rewards!
• Conventional• 7-11 or forever
• Base rt/wrong on the expectations of society
• Consider intentions because society does– (manslaughter v.
murder 1)
• Post-Conventional• 11+ if ever!!
• Base morals on human rights that you developed on your own!
• If good/right idea is inconvenient it is ignored
• Sensorimotor Stage• Birth-2 yrs.
• Time spent on senses&moving
• Reach for pleasurable things
• No object permanence ( if you cant see it, it doesn’t exist!)
• End of stage: language begins
• Preoperational• 2-7 yrs.
• Have object permanence
• Believe everything has their abilities
• Inc. Language• No reversibility:
Can’t see life from a diff. perspective
• No conservation: ex Glasses of water
• Concrete Operational
• 7-11 yrs. • Some never leave
• Inc. reasoning• Have reversibility &
conservation• Difficulty seeing multiple
traits of an object• Strict rules/ no grey
areas• multiple classification,
and seriation. Their humor is also very concrete and linear.
• Formal Operational/
Operational • 11 + yrs( if ever!!)
• Have symbolic thoughts (math, philosophy)
• Controversial: some critical thinking must be taught in industrial H.S. (a biased stage!)