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Developing AircraftDeveloping AircraftDeveloping AircraftDeveloping Aircraft
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
OverviewOverviewOverviewOverview
Key individuals involved in early aircraft development
The names and anatomy of period aircraft
The significance of other American pioneers in aviation following the Wright brothers
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Quick WriteQuick WriteQuick WriteQuick Write
Both the Wright Brothers and Glenn Both the Wright Brothers and Glenn Curtiss were heavily involved with Curtiss were heavily involved with bicycles before taking up flight. bicycles before taking up flight.
What similarities do you see between What similarities do you see between bicycles, early motorcycles, and early bicycles, early motorcycles, and early
airplanes?airplanes?
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Early AviatorsEarly AviatorsEarly AviatorsEarly Aviators
Glenn Curtiss Alexander Graham Bell Louis Blériot. Laurent and Gustav Seguin Calbraith Perry Rodgers PFC Vernon Burge Bessie Coleman Blanche Stuart Scott Harriet Quimby Bessica Medlar Raiche Matilde Moisant Julia Clark Katherine and Majorie Stinson
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Glenn CurtissGlenn CurtissGlenn CurtissGlenn Curtiss
Thomas Baldwin was looking for a lightweight engine for his dirigible
He saw how well Curtiss’s bike engine performed and asked if he could buy one
Curtiss agreed and tweaked one of his engines for use in an aircraft
Baldwin’s aircraft, with a Curtiss engine, was the first powered dirigible in America
Courtesy of Underwood & Underwood/Corbis
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell(p. 46)(p. 46)
Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell(p. 46)(p. 46)
best known as inventor of the telephoneformed Aerial Experiment Association
made some important aviation design breakthroughs built the first American plane equipped with
ailerons
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Louis BlériotLouis Blériot(p. 47)(p. 47)
Louis BlériotLouis Blériot(p. 47)(p. 47)
French pilot: first man to cross the English Channel in a heavier-than-air craft
Although Blériot encountered problems—he got lost and his engine overheated—he managed to land safely
The flight took 37 minutes built and flew the first powered
monoplane
Louis Blériot
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Laurent and Gustav SeguinLaurent and Gustav Seguin (p. 49) (p. 49)
Laurent and Gustav SeguinLaurent and Gustav Seguin (p. 49) (p. 49)
Inventors of the Rotary Engine The earliest engines were relatively
heavy and inefficient because these early engines used water as a coolant
What did the rotary engine use to cool itself?
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Calbraith Perry RodgersCalbraith Perry RodgersCalbraith Perry RodgersCalbraith Perry Rodgers
Calbraith Perry Rodgers
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
PFC Vernon BurgePFC Vernon BurgePFC Vernon BurgePFC Vernon Burge
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Bessie ColemanBessie ColemanBessie ColemanBessie Coleman
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Blanche Stuart Scott Blanche Stuart Scott Blanche Stuart Scott Blanche Stuart Scott
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Harriet QuimbyHarriet QuimbyHarriet QuimbyHarriet Quimby
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Bessica Medlar RaicheBessica Medlar RaicheBessica Medlar RaicheBessica Medlar Raiche
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Matilde MoisantMatilde MoisantMatilde MoisantMatilde Moisant
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Julia ClarkJulia ClarkJulia ClarkJulia Clark
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Katherine and Majorie Katherine and Majorie StinsonStinson
Katherine and Majorie Katherine and Majorie StinsonStinson
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Rotary EnginesRotary EnginesRotary EnginesRotary Engines
Rotary engines used circulating air, rather than water, as a coolant
The Seguins placed the engine’s cylinders in a radialradial, or round, pattern
They fitted each cylinder with a fin to draw out the heat as the plane flew
With these changes, engines became more efficient and their weight dropped
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
HelicoptersHelicoptersHelicoptersHelicopters
Helicopters are different from other aircraft in two important ways:
First, they don’t have fixed wings—they have rotating wings
Second, they take off and land vertically
Courtesy of Branger/Getty Images
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
HelicoptersHelicoptersHelicoptersHelicopters
The wings of helicopters, like those of other aircraft, must be in constant motion
Helicopters have rotorsrotors—another name for propellers
Rotors are made up of blades, each of which acts as a wing, and as the blades rotate, they lift the helicopter
Helicopters are also known as rotary-wing aircraft
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Manned HelicoptersManned HelicoptersManned HelicoptersManned Helicopters
In 1842 W. H. Phillips got a model helicopter with a steam engine into the air
In 1907 Frenchman Louis Bréguet flew one, as did his countryman Paul Cornu
In 1909 Americans Emile and Henry Berliner also built and piloted a helicopter
All these men faced one common problem: helicopters are difficult to balance
No one would find a solution for 30 years
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
American Aviation PioneersAmerican Aviation PioneersAmerican Aviation PioneersAmerican Aviation Pioneers
While some aircraft pioneers were achieving fame as inventors, others were breaking barriers as pilots
Those barriers ranged from distance to altitude to gender and race
The early 20th century was a time when all kinds of records could be broken
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
The The Vin Fiz FlyerVin Fiz FlyerThe The Vin Fiz FlyerVin Fiz Flyer
Could Calbraith Perry Rodgers fly across the United States in 30 days? That was his goal in 1911
Newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst was offering a $50,000 prize
Rodgers asked soft drink manufacturer Vin Fiz if it would provide financial support for his flight in exchange for nationwide publicity
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
The The Vin Fiz FlyerVin Fiz FlyerThe The Vin Fiz FlyerVin Fiz Flyer
Rodgers took off on 17 September 1911 from Sheepshead Bay on New York’s Long Island
The plane needed countless repairs and made many stops along the way
It took 49 days—Rodgers didn’t win the award because the flight took too long—but he made history
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
The The Vin Fiz FlyerVin Fiz FlyerThe The Vin Fiz FlyerVin Fiz Flyer
Rodgers had earned a place in aviation history—he made the first airplane crossing of the US from coast to coast
Taken from centennialofflight.gov
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
First Enlisted Pilot Gets First Enlisted Pilot Gets His WingsHis Wings
First Enlisted Pilot Gets First Enlisted Pilot Gets His WingsHis Wings
PFC Vernon Burge was the first enlisted man to become a pilot
The US Army Signal Corps’ Aeronautical Division had a general rule that only officers could be pilots
Enlisted men trained as mechanics Burge was one of eight enlisted men
who joined the division in 1907
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
First Enlisted Pilot Gets First Enlisted Pilot Gets His WingsHis Wings
First Enlisted Pilot Gets First Enlisted Pilot Gets His WingsHis Wings
Burge helped build a landing system for 1st Lt Benjamin Foulois’ airplane
During this time, Burge learned as much as he could about airplanes
He became a pilot in 1912 It wasn’t until 18 July 1914 that the US
House of Representatives passed a bill that authorized enlisted men to fly
It also gave official status to the Army’s aviation arm
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Bessie ColemanBessie ColemanBessie ColemanBessie Coleman
Bessie Coleman faced two obstacles to becoming a pilot—her race and her gender; she overcame both
In 1921 Coleman became the first black woman to get a pilot’s license
She had to go to France for training because no flight school in the United States would accept her
She died in an airplane crash only four years after getting her license
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Blanche Stuart ScottBlanche Stuart ScottBlanche Stuart ScottBlanche Stuart Scott
Scott was Glenn Curtiss’s only female student in 1910
Curtiss worried about this—if Scott crashed, he feared he’d be blamed for putting a woman in harm’s way
So Curtiss did what he could to keep Scott from being able to take off
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Blanche Stuart ScottBlanche Stuart ScottBlanche Stuart ScottBlanche Stuart Scott
Nonetheless, Scott managed to fly one of Curtiss’s planes one day
Scott had become the first American woman to solo in a fixed-wing airplane
Courtesy of Hill Air Force Museum
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Bessica Medlar Raiche Bessica Medlar Raiche Bessica Medlar Raiche Bessica Medlar Raiche
Some aviation historians think Bessica Medlar Raiche was really the first woman to go solo
She made that flight on 13 October 1910 Raiche never got a license, but flying
excited her She and her husband, François, formed a
lightweight airplane company called the French-American Aeroplane Company
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Harriet QuimbyHarriet QuimbyHarriet QuimbyHarriet Quimby
In 1911, Quimby became the first American woman to earn her pilot’s license
She was also the first woman to fly at night (1911) and to pilot across the English Channel (1912)
She broke a fashion barrier, too, by designing and wearing a jumpsuit
Courtesy of the Library of Congress
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Harriet QuimbyHarriet QuimbyHarriet QuimbyHarriet Quimby
Quimby entered the Boston Air Meet in 1912 She and her passenger took off over Boston
Harbor in hopes of making a record 58 mph flight over a body of water
At 5,000 feet, the plane flipped and nosed downward
Quimby and Willard fell from the plane and plunged into the waters—both perished
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Matilde MoisantMatilde MoisantMatilde MoisantMatilde Moisant
On 13 April 1911, Moisant became the second woman in America to get a pilot’s license
She won the Rodman Wanamaker Trophy for flying at an attitude of 2,500 feet
She also a court to acknowledge it was legal to fly on Sundays
Her brother John Moisant, also a pilot, had died in a crash in 1910
His death deeply affected her and on 13 April 1912, she said she’d make her last flight the next day
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Julia ClarkJulia ClarkJulia ClarkJulia Clark
On 19 May 1912, Julia Clark was the third American woman to gain her pilot’s license
Sadly, she was also the first woman pilot to die in a crash
She learned to fly at the Curtiss Flying School at North Island in San Diego
After soloing in a Curtiss plane, she joined an exhibition group
She took a text flight on 17 June 1912; she hit a tree limb, crashed, and died
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Katherine and Marjorie Katherine and Marjorie StinsonStinson
Katherine and Marjorie Katherine and Marjorie StinsonStinson
Katherine Stinson earned her pilot’s license on 24 July 1912
She was the fourth American woman to do so, and at age 16, she was also the youngest
She would eventually become one of the most successful women in aviation
Her younger sister, Marjorie, graduated from the Wright Flying School in August 1914
When WWI began, the sisters opened a school to train Americans and Canadians as pilots for the war
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
ReviewReviewReviewReview
The first powered dirigible in America was equipped with a Glenn Curtiss engine
Louis Blériot was the first man to build and fly a powered monoplane
A multiengine plane had greater power, reliability, and safety than a single-engine plane
Laurent and Gustav Seguin of France invented rotary engines that used circulating air rather than water
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
ReviewReviewReviewReview
Calbraith Perry Rodgers made the first airplane crossing of the United States from coast to coast
PFC Vernon Burge was the first enlisted man to become a pilot
Bessie Coleman became the first black woman to get a pilot’s license
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
ReviewReviewReviewReview
Blanche Stuart Scott was the first American woman to solo in a fixed-wing airplane
Harriet Quimby was the first American woman to earn her pilot’s license
Bessica Medlar Raiche, Matilde Moisant, Julia Clark, and Katherine and Marjorie Stinson were also famous female aviators of the period
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
SummarySummarySummarySummary
Key individuals involved in early aircraft development
The names and anatomy of period aircraft
The significance of other American pioneers in aviation following the Wright brothers
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Chapter 2, Lesson 2
Next….Next….Next….Next….
Done—developing aircraft
Next—air power in World War I
Courtesy of the EAA/Jim Koepnick