Stratus Consulting SC11902 78
Upper Arkansas River Watershed Restoration Plan and Environmental Assessment
Appendix A
Detailed Information on In-Stream Restoration Activities(Th is information was developed by the Colorado Division of Wildlife.)
Habitat restoration actions, in tandem with further remediation eff orts, will signifi cantly contribute to restoring the brown trout population in metals-impacted stream reaches of the upper Arkansas River below California Gulch. Historical placer mining within the river and grazing in the riparian areas of the river have reduced the amount of quality habitat for the brown trout fi shery (Industrial Economics, 2006). Much of the 11-mile reach is over-width and aggraded, and presents as a continuous run or riffl e with little deep pool or undercut bank habitat for over-wintering refugia. In addition, the banks are highly erodible due to lack of strong establishment of riparian shrubs such as native high-elevation willow species. Mine tailings and spoils are largely responsible for the poor vegetative growth, as well as a history of grazing and railroad activity in the area.
Physical habitat improvements within the 11-mile reach (including habitat and geomorphology improvements, bank stabilization, and riparian improvements) are expected to improve the fi shery (density, biomass, spawning, and/or the number of large adult fi sh) up to 40% higher than current conditions. In-stream habitat restoration treatments are generally designed to perform one of the following functions, all of which directly or indirectly improve trout habitat: (1) improve natural river processes and connection between the river and the fl oodplain and riparian zone; (2) stabilize banks in a way which also creates winter habitat and cover for trout; and (3) enhance mid-stream habitats for trout and their prey base (forage fi sh or invertebrates). Photographs of in-stream restoration activities are included in Section A.3, bank erosion treatments in Section A.4, and aquatic habitat treatments in Section A.5.
Potential treatments for the entire 11-mile reach (Figure A.1) were identifi ed and evaluated for the Preliminary Estimate of Damages (Industrial Economics, 2006). Table A.1 describes the general nature of the habitat restoration treatments that serve these functions and that will be considered for the reaches in the 11-mile segment. Stream reaches will be prioritized to develop an in-stream restoration timeline based on the (1) status of the brown trout population, (2) level of current and future contamination, (3) ease of access for heavy equipment, (4) public access after restoration, and (5) presence/absence of confounding factors such as water rights, ditches, agricultural practices, etc. With this prioritization scheme, Reach 3 between Highway 24 and Kobe was ranked as Phase I. EPA has conducted recent work in this reach and thus there are access roads that will facilitate in-stream restoration activities. In addition, the brown trout populations in this reach have not recovered to reference levels, and since metals contamination is lower in this reach compared to directly below California Gulch, we hypothesize that habitat is the limiting factor. Phase II of the project will be on the Moyer easement and Reach 2, which also shows severely degraded habitat and will have public access. Phase III includes private property from California Gulch to the confl uence of the Lake Fork in Reach 1. Th ere are issues in Reach 1 that must be addressed, including the maintenance of ditch access and agricultural practices, and protection of grazing land and physical structures. Th ese issues may be best addressed with assistance from the National Resource Conservation Service. Work with private landowners was described in Section 3.3.1. Phase IV will include any point in Reach 4 where access and permission is granted.
Stratus Consulting SC11902 79
Upper Arkansas River Watershed Restoration Plan and Environmental Assessment
Appendix A
Detailed Information on In-Stream Restoration ActivitiesProposed treatment regimes for in-stream habitat restorationTreatment regimes were proposed for the 11-mile reach of the upper Arkansas River based on initial inventory and survey techniques (Table A.1). Th ese techniques include qualitative assessments of bank stability and riparian vegetation, counts of riffl e to pool ratios, width to depth ratio measurements, aerial imagery at high and/or low fl ows, investigation of stream fl ow data from gauges, and determination of access logistics and private versus public property issues. Treatments for each reach are described in further detail below. Th ese treatments will be further evaluated and adjusted or deleted when engineering models are applied to develop the fi nal treatment plans for each reach. Nothing is currently proposed for the reference stream reach above California Gulch (Reach 0).
A.1 Engineering and DesignTo assist with evaluating the size of material (boulders, cobbles, etc.) to use in various habitat treatments, a two-dimensional computer model will be developed. Th e United States Army Corps of Engineers’ HEC-RAS computer program will be used to model each reach. Th is program is one of the industry standards for evaluating rivers in their current state as well as how planned improvements will aff ect the system. HEC-RAS utilizes river cross-section geometry, length of channel between cross-sections, channel roughness (amount of vegetation in the channel and overfl ow banks, size and shape of rock in the channel, etc.), and fl ow to determine water surface elevations, width of the water, and water velocity (impacts bank and channel bottom stability). Th e program will also help predict the ability of the river to transport sediment though the reach. Th is is important to design the river so there is neither agradation (deposit) nor degradation (erosion) at the structures.
Th e HEC-RAS computer model will evaluate river reaches as a system but is limited in its capability to predict how individual treatments/structures will aff ect the river at a particular location. To help evaluate the potential impacts that a particular treatment may have on the river in critical locations, it may be prudent to develop a three-dimensional model. Th ere are several good three-dimensional hydraulic computer programs currently in use, such as the USGS MD-SWMM program.
A.2 Project Management and ConstructionTh e preferred alternative of in-stream habitat restoration will require detailed engineering for each designated stream reach and associated construction and heavy equipment operations along the banks and within the streambed. While engineering plans will be adhered to as much as possible, there may be a need or opportunity for design-build activities beyond the engineering plans. Access roads previously developed by EPA for reclamation and restoration activities will be used, although additional access points may be required. Project management will require both knowledge of heavy equipment operations, placement of in-stream restoration treatment types, and fi sh behavior and ecology.
Stratus Consulting SC11902 80
Upper Arkansas River Watershed Restoration Plan and Environmental Assessment
Appendix A
Detailed Information on In-Stream Restoration ActivitiesTA
BLE
A.1
. PRO
POSE
D R
ESTO
RATI
ON
TRE
ATM
ENTS
FO
R TH
E 11
-MIL
E RE
ACH
OF
THE
UPP
ER A
RKA
NSA
S RI
VER
A. D
escr
iptio
ns o
f tre
atm
ents
use
d to
impr
ove
natu
ral r
iver
pro
cess
Rive
r cha
nnel
tre
atm
ents
Rest
orat
ion
treat
men
t des
crip
tions
Redu
ce
Chan
nel W
idth
Exca
vate
d ch
anne
l sub
stra
te m
ater
ial,
impo
rted
grav
el, a
nd c
obbl
e or
ripa
rian
vege
tatio
n so
d bl
ocks
can
be
used
to re
duce
rive
r ch
anne
l wid
th.
Pool
Exc
avat
ion
Pool
hab
itats
sho
uld
be e
xcav
ated
at a
spa
cing
of a
bout
5−7
cha
nnel
wid
ths
alon
g ei
ther
out
side
rive
r cur
ves
or in
stra
ight
cha
nnel
re
ache
s. E
xcav
ated
sub
stra
te m
ater
ials
can
be
used
to c
reat
e po
int b
ars
and
redu
ce c
hann
el w
idth
.
Elev
ate
Riffl
e Su
bstra
teRi
ffl e
subs
trate
s ca
n be
ele
vate
d us
ing
grav
el o
r cob
ble
so it
will
not
be
trans
porte
d du
ring
high
-stre
am fl
ow e
vent
s. T
his
treat
men
t ca
n be
use
d to
incr
ease
cha
nnel
sub
stra
te e
leva
tion
in a
hig
h-fl o
w b
raid
ed c
hann
el re
ach.
Dur
ing
low
-riv
er d
isch
arge
this
trea
tmen
t co
nfi n
es th
e riv
er fl
ow in
to a
sin
gle
low
-fl ow
cha
nnel
. Dur
ing
high
fl ow
s th
e el
evat
ed ri
ffl e ch
anne
l bec
omes
an
over
-fl ow
cha
nnel
an
d re
duce
s th
e er
osio
n po
tent
ial a
long
rive
rban
ks in
the
low
-fl ow
cha
nnel
.An
ele
vate
d rif
fl e p
lace
d in
a lo
w-g
radi
ent r
iver
cha
nnel
cre
ates
add
ition
al c
hann
el ro
ughn
ess,
incr
ease
s tro
ut h
abita
t div
ersi
ty, a
nd
prov
ides
exc
elle
nt ju
veni
le tr
out h
abita
t.
Ripa
rian
Benc
h A
benc
h is
con
struct
ed u
sing
rive
r cha
nnel
sub
stra
te, r
iver
bank
mat
eria
ls, o
r im
porte
d so
il m
ater
ials
. The
top
elev
atio
n of
the
cons
truct
ed b
ench
sho
uld
be s
light
ly b
elow
ban
kful
l ele
vatio
n. B
lock
s of
ripa
rian
vege
tatio
n so
d sc
oope
d up
in a
buc
ket o
f an
exca
vato
r or f
ront
-end
load
er a
re p
lace
d on
top
of th
e co
nstru
cted
ben
ch. B
ucke
ts a
re ri
nsed
bef
ore
digg
ing
up th
e so
d. A
fter l
oadi
ng
the
sod
bloc
k, it
is s
oake
d in
wat
er b
efor
e be
ing
plac
ed o
n th
e pr
epar
ed b
ench
. The
soa
king
hel
ps th
e ve
geta
tion
bloc
k sl
ide
from
th
e bu
cket
. The
top
elev
atio
n of
the
plac
ed ri
paria
n so
d sh
ould
be
slig
htly
abo
ve b
ankf
ull e
leva
tion.
Dep
endi
ng u
pon
the
mat
eria
l size
us
ed to
con
struct
the
benc
h an
d th
e riv
er g
radi
ent,
it m
ay b
e ne
cess
ary
to li
ne th
e fro
nt o
f the
ripa
rian
benc
h w
ith a
ppro
pria
tely
size
d co
bble
to le
ssen
rive
rban
k er
osio
n.
Incr
ease
Ov
erhe
ad
Trou
t Cov
er
Unde
r Woo
dy
Vege
tatio
n
Site
s be
st a
dapt
ed fo
r thi
s tre
atm
ent h
ave
woo
dy v
eget
atio
n cr
eatin
g ov
erhe
ad c
over
in ri
ver r
each
es loca
ted
alon
g ou
tsid
e riv
er
curv
es w
here
trou
t hab
itat i
s lim
ited
by s
hallo
w w
ater
. Add
ition
al tr
out h
abita
t is cr
eate
d us
ing
an e
xcav
ator
by
exte
ndin
g th
e bo
om
and ca
refu
lly re
mov
ing
river
cha
nnel
sub
stra
te m
ater
ial u
nder
the
woo
dy v
eget
atio
n. T
he incr
ease
d w
ater
dep
th c
reat
es m
ore
usea
ble
over
head
cov
er fo
r tro
ut.
Ripa
rian
Vege
tatio
nM
ovin
g w
illow
clu
mps
dur
ing
the
dorm
ant s
easo
n m
axim
izes
succ
ess
of s
urvi
val.
Surv
ival
of b
are
root
will
ow s
tock
and
dor
man
t stu
b pl
antin
gs, p
lant
ed d
eep
enou
gh to
rem
ain
in p
erm
anen
t soi
l moi
stur
e, s
houl
d exc e
ed 8
0%. S
eedi
ng a
ppro
pria
te ri
paria
n gr
ass
spec
ies
alon
g st
ream
ban
ks d
istu
rbed
dur
ing
rest
orat
ion
incr
ease
s th
e reco
very
of r
ipar
ian
vege
tatio
n.
Stratus Consulting SC11902 81
Upper Arkansas River Watershed Restoration Plan and Environmental Assessment
Appendix A
Detailed Information on In-Stream Restoration Activities B
. Des
crip
tions
of w
oody
mat
eria
ls tr
eatm
ents
use
d to
redu
ce ri
verb
ank
eros
ion
Bank
ero
sion
tre
atm
ents
Rest
orat
ion
treat
men
t des
crip
tions
Log
Spur
Logs
for t
his
treat
men
t sho
uld
exce
ed 1
ft in
dia
met
er. I
n loca
tions
whe
re s
tream
ban
ks a
re c
ompo
sed
of a
lluvi
al m
ater
ial,
a tre
nch
shou
ld b
e du
g in
to th
e to
p of
the
river
bank
. The
ang
le o
f the
tren
ch faci
ng u
pstre
am s
houl
d be
15−
25 d
egre
es fr
om th
e ta
ngen
t lin
e w
here
the
log
inte
rcep
ts th
e riv
erba
nk a
nd h
ave
a do
wnw
ard
slop
e of
2−7
deg
rees
. The
top
elev
atio
n of
the
log
whe
re it
mee
ts th
e st
ream
ban
k sh
ould
be
at o
r slig
htly
abo
ve b
ankf
ull e
leva
tion.
Abo
ut o
ne-h
alf t
he le
ngth
of t
he lo
g sh
ould
be
plac
ed in
to th
e riv
erba
nk.
The
upst
ream
end
of t
he lo
g sh
ould
be
belo
w th
e w
ater
sur
face
at l
ow fl
ow a
nd b
urie
d in
to th
e ch
anne
l sub
stra
te. F
or a
dditi
onal
anch
orin
g an
d tro
ut h
abita
t, a
boul
der c
an b
e pl
aced
on
the
upst
ream
end
of t
he lo
g th
at is
bur
ied
in th
e riv
er s
ubst
rate
. A b
ould
er
plac
ed n
ext t
o th
e riv
erba
nk o
n th
e do
wns
tream
sid
e of
the
log
prov
ides
an
addi
tiona
l anc
hor.
Rath
er th
an e
xcav
atin
g a
trenc
h, if
st
ream
ban
ks c
onta
in m
oist
cla
y or
silt
, the
log
may
be
push
ed o
r pul
led
into
the
river
bank
.
Log
Vane
This
trea
tmen
t is
inst
alle
d th
e sa
me
as a
log
spur
. Log
leng
th s
houl
d exce
ed 2
0 ft
and
the
log
angl
e sh
ould
be
15−2
0 de
gree
s fro
m th
e ta
ngen
t lin
e w
here
the
vane
inte
rcep
ts th
e riv
erba
nk a
nd h
ave
a do
wnw
ard
slop
e of
2−7
deg
rees
. Fab
ric m
ater
ial s
houl
d be
place
d be
twee
n th
e riv
erba
nk a
nd th
e lo
g. T
he fa
bric
sho
uld
be a
ttach
ed a
t the
top
of th
e lo
g an
d co
vere
d w
ith e
xcav
ated
sub
stra
te m
ater
ial.
Unlik
e a
log
spur
that
pas
ses
wat
er u
nder
the
log,
the
fabr
ic m
ater
ial c
over
ed w
ith s
ubst
rate
mat
eria
ls fo
rces
wat
er to
pas
s ov
er th
e lo
g di
rect
ing
it to
war
d th
e ce
nter
of t
he ri
ver.
Rive
rban
k Ro
ot
Wad
A ro
ot w
ad fa
n sh
ould
exc
eed
3 ft
in d
iam
eter
hav
ing
at le
ast a
12
ft at
tach
ed tr
unk.
The
trun
k sh
ould
be
burie
d in
a tr
ench
or p
ushe
d in
to a
sof
t cla
y/si
lt ba
nk s
o th
e ro
ot fa
n is
ups
tream
at a
n an
gle
that
slig
htly
def
ects
sur
face
wat
er c
urre
nts
tow
ard
the ce
nter
of t
he
stre
am. T
he to
p of
the
root
wad
sho
uld
be a
bout
1 ft
abo
ve b
ankf
ull d
isch
arge
and
place
d fl u
sh a
gain
st th
e st
ream
ban
k.
Horiz
onta
l Pa
ralle
l Log
/Ro
ot W
ad
Horiz
onta
l log
s ar
e be
st s
uite
d fo
r riffl
e a
nd ru
n ha
bita
ts. T
he lo
g sh
ould
be
at le
ast 2
ft in
dia
met
er a
nd e
xcee
d ab
out 1
2 ft
in le
ngth
. De
pend
ing
upon
rive
rban
k st
abili
ty, i
t may
be
nece
ssar
y to
place
an
appr
opria
te fa
bric
mat
eria
l ext
endi
ng fr
om th
e riv
er s
ubst
rate
up
to a
bout
ban
kful
l ele
vatio
n. T
he to
p of
the
horiz
onta
l log
is p
lace
d ag
ains
t the
fabr
ic a
t abo
ut b
ankf
ull e
leva
tion
and
para
llel t
o th
e st
ream
fl ow
. The
spa
ce b
etw
een
the
botto
m o
f the
log
and
the
river
sub
stra
te c
reat
es o
verh
ead
trout
cov
er. T
he s
uppo
rt sy
stem
fo
r the
hor
izont
al lo
g is
site
spe
cifi c
. If t
he lo
g ha
s an
atta
ched
root
wad
this
sup
ports
one
end
of t
he lo
g. O
n th
e ot
her e
nd o
f the
lo
g, s
mal
l fl a
t bou
lder
s or
ano
ther
log
plac
ed p
erpe
ndic
ular
to th
e riv
er fl
ow a
nd s
ecur
ed in
to th
e riv
erba
nk s
uppo
rts th
e lo
g. It
is
impo
rtant
that
the
horiz
onta
l log
is s
uspe
nded
onl
y on
eac
h en
d. T
his
help
s m
aint
ain
wat
er v
eloc
ities
hig
h en
ough
to k
eep
river
-tra
nspo
rted
sedi
men
ts fr
om acc
umul
atin
g al
ong
the
unde
rsid
e of
the
horiz
onta
l log
and
redu
cing
are
as tr
out u
se a
s ov
erhe
ad c
over
. In
ove
r wid
th ri
ver c
hann
els
or w
here
the
log
does
not
fi t s
nug
agai
nst t
he b
ank,
a s
econ
d, u
sual
ly s
mal
ler d
iam
eter
, log
is p
lace
d be
hind
the
horiz
onta
l log
at a
slig
htly
low
er e
leva
tion.
The
are
a be
twee
n th
e ch
anne
l sub
stra
te a
t the
bas
e of
the
river
bank
, ove
r the
lo
wer
ele
vatio
n lo
g to
the
top
of th
e ho
rizon
tal l
og, i
s co
vere
d w
ith fa
bric
mat
eria
l and
bac
kfi ll
ed u
sing
soi
ls c
apab
le o
f sup
porti
ng
ripar
ian
vege
tatio
n. If
ava
ilabl
e, ri
paria
n gr
ass/
will
ow s
od is
place
d on
the
fi ll m
ater
ial o
ut to
the
front
edg
e of
the
horiz
onta
l log
. Thi
s re
sults
in a
nat
ural
app
earin
g st
ruct
ure
that
cre
ates
ove
rhea
d tro
ut c
over
und
er b
oth
logs
.
Stratus Consulting SC11902 82
Upper Arkansas River Watershed Restoration Plan and Environmental Assessment
Appendix A
Detailed Information on In-Stream Restoration ActivitiesC.
Des
crip
tions
of b
ould
er tr
eatm
ents
use
d to
redu
ce ri
verb
ank
eros
ion
Bank
ero
sion
tre
atm
ents
Rest
orat
ion
treat
men
t des
crip
tions
Cros
s Va
neUs
ually
a c
ross
van
e is
place
d at
the
uppe
r end
of a
n exca
vate
d po
ol to
cre
ate
a di
vers
ity o
f tro
ut h
abita
ts a
nd d
irect
rive
r fl o
ws
tow
ard
the ce
nter
of t
he c
hann
el. T
his
struct
ure
help
s re
duce
rive
rban
k er
osio
n al
ong
the
outs
ide cu
rve.
The
fi rs
t few
bou
lder
s fo
rmin
g ea
ch s
ide
of th
e st
ruct
ure
upst
ream
are
place
d on
a 2
0o −30o a
ngle
from
the
river
bank
. The
rest
of t
he b
ould
ers
are
plac
ed
acro
ss th
e ch
anne
l res
embl
ing
an u
pstre
am fa
cing
arc
h ac
ross
the
river
. Em
bed
the
fi rst
bou
lder
into
the
river
bank
at a
bout
1 ft
ab
ove
bank
full
elev
atio
n. A
fabr
ic m
ater
ial p
lace
d be
hind
this
bou
lder
hel
ps re
duce
futu
re ri
verb
ank
eros
ion.
Thi
s fi r
st b
ould
er k
eys
the
struct
ure
and
direct
s th
e w
ater
cur
rent
aw
ay fr
om th
e er
odin
g riv
erba
nk. D
epen
ding
on
boul
der s
hape
s an
d th
e w
ay th
e w
ater
is
dire
cted
from
the
bank
, eac
h succ
eedi
ng b
ould
er is
place
d lo
wer
in th
e w
ater
col
umn
than
the
prev
ious
one
. The
low
est e
leva
tion
boul
der i
s loca
ted
near
mid
-cha
nnel
at a
bout
25%
of b
ankf
ull e
leva
tion.
The
hyd
raul
ic ju
mp,
the
diffe
renc
e in
wat
er s
urface
ele
vatio
n be
twee
n th
e up
stre
am a
nd d
owns
tream
sid
e of
a b
ould
er, i
s us
ually
no
mor
e th
an 1
2–15
inch
es. B
ould
er e
leva
tions
nea
r mid
-cha
nnel
ar
e th
en g
radu
ally
incr
ease
d un
til re
achi
ng th
e op
posi
te s
ide
of th
e riv
er. T
he fi
nal b
ould
er is
em
bedd
ed a
nd b
lend
ed in
to th
e to
p el
evat
ion
of th
e co
nstru
cted
poi
nt b
ar, w
hich
is u
sual
ly le
ss th
an b
ankf
ull d
isch
arge
. Ero
sion
is s
eldo
m a
n is
sue
on th
e po
int b
ar s
ide
of th
e riv
er c
hann
el b
ecau
se p
oint
bar
s ar
e us
ually
dep
ositi
onal
are
as.
Sing
le B
ould
er
Defl ect
orSi
ngle
bou
lder
defl
ect
ors
shou
ld h
ave
a so
mew
hat fl
at s
ide
and
be ta
ll en
ough
to e
xten
d fro
m a
sha
llow
poc
ket i
n th
e ch
anne
l su
bstra
te to
abo
ut 1
2−15
inch
es a
bove
ban
kful
l ele
vatio
n. T
his
treat
men
t is
best
sui
ted
for e
rodi
ng ri
verb
anks
stil
l con
tain
ing cl
umps
of
ripa
rian
vege
tatio
n an
d ha
ving
a b
ank
top
elev
atio
n ne
ar b
ankf
ull e
leva
tion.
Sin
gle
boul
der d
efl ect
ors ca
n be
use
d to
div
ert r
iver
fl o
ws
away
from
tall
erod
ing
river
bank
s bu
t doe
s no
t hel
p th
e riv
erba
nk h
ealin
g pr
oces
s if
void
of v
eget
atio
n.Du
ring
inst
alla
tion,
exca
vate
a d
epre
ssio
n to
fi t t
he s
hape
of t
he b
otto
m s
ide
of th
e bo
ulde
r and
rem
ove
river
bank
soi
l to
match
the
shap
e of
the
boul
der
side
to b
e em
bedd
ed in
to th
e er
odin
g riv
erba
nk. P
lace
an
appr
opria
te fa
bric
mat
eria
l int
o th
e de
pres
sion
and
alo
ng th
e riv
erba
nk
whe
re th
e bo
ulde
r will
be
plac
ed. T
he u
pstre
am e
nd o
f the
bou
lder
is e
mbe
dded
dee
per i
nto
the
river
bank
whi
le th
e do
wns
tream
end
ex
tend
s sl
ight
ly in
to th
e riv
er. T
he s
ingl
e bo
ulde
r defl
ect
or g
ently
defl
ect
s su
rface
wat
er c
urre
nts
tow
ard
the ce
nter
of t
he ri
ver.
The
boul
der d
efl ect
or re
duce
s riv
erba
nk e
rosi
on a
sho
rt di
stan
ce d
owns
tream
, dep
endi
ng o
n th
e de
fl ect
ion
angl
e an
d th
e cu
rvat
ure
of
the
river
bank
. Afte
r the
fi rs
t sin
gle
boul
der d
efec
tor h
as b
een
inst
alle
d, th
e loca
tion
for t
he s
econ
d is
obv
ious
by
obse
rvin
g th
e riv
er
surfa
ce fl
ows.
The
dis
tanc
e w
here
the
river
sur
face
cur
rent
retu
rns
to th
e riv
erba
nk b
ecom
es th
e si
te fo
r the
nex
t bou
lder
defl
ect
or.
This
trea
tmen
t wor
ks b
est w
here
rive
rban
k er
osio
n is
not
so
seve
re a
nd e
noug
h riv
erba
nk v
eget
atio
n re
mai
ns to
pro
tect
the
river
bank
be
twee
n bo
ulde
r defl
ect
ors.
If ri
verb
anks
are
sev
erel
y er
oded
, rev
eget
atio
n m
ay b
e ne
cess
ary
betw
een
boul
der d
efl ect
ors.
Hard
Poi
ntTh
is tr
eatm
ent m
imic
s a
stab
le ri
verb
ank
betw
een
the
low
rive
r fl o
w a
nd b
ankf
ull e
leva
tion.
It is
bes
t sui
ted
for a
riffl
e re
ach
on a
n ou
tsid
e cu
rve.
The
trea
tmen
t req
uire
s su
bstra
te m
ater
ial o
r im
porte
d m
ater
ial s
ized
so it
will
not
be
easi
ly e
rode
d w
hen
plac
ed o
n th
e sl
ope
of th
e riv
erba
nk. T
he m
ater
ial i
s pl
aced
from
abo
ut th
e riv
er s
ubst
rate
nea
r the
low
-fl ow
wat
er s
urface
up
the
river
bank
to
slig
htly
bel
ow b
ankf
ull e
leva
tion.
Whe
n pl
aced
on
the
non-
vege
tate
d ch
anne
l sub
stra
te b
elow
ban
kful
l ele
vatio
n it
prot
ects
the
toe
of
the
expo
sed
river
bank
and
hel
ps re
duce
futu
re ri
verb
ank
eros
ion.
Thi
s tre
atm
ent h
elps
redu
ce e
rosi
on b
y de
crea
sing
the
river
bank
an
gle.
Thi
s tre
atm
ent c
an b
e sh
aped
to d
efl ect
hig
h w
ater
from
the
river
bank
tow
ard
the ce
nter
of t
he ri
ver.
The
treat
men
t nor
mal
ly
exte
nds
the
leng
th o
f an
erod
ing
river
bank
whe
re a
dditi
onal
rive
rban
k pr
ote c
tion
is n
eces
sary
. Whe
n in
stal
led
prop
erly
this
trea
tmen
t ha
s a
natu
ral a
ppea
ranc
e.
Stratus Consulting SC11902 83
Upper Arkansas River Watershed Restoration Plan and Environmental Assessment
Appendix A
Detailed Information on In-Stream Restoration ActivitiesC.
Des
crip
tions
of b
ould
er tr
eatm
ents
use
d to
redu
ce ri
verb
ank
eros
ion
(con
tinue
d)Ba
nk e
rosi
on
treat
men
tsRe
stor
atio
n tre
atm
ent d
escr
iptio
ns
Boul
der J
Hoo
kTh
is s
truct
ure
is u
sual
ly p
lace
d at
the
uppe
r end
of p
ool h
abita
ts. I
t is cr
eate
d us
ing
3−5
ft bo
ulde
rs a
rran
ged
in a
par
tial u
pstre
am-
faci
ng s
emic
ircle
. It a
lso cr
eate
s a
dive
rsity
of w
ater
dep
ths
and
wat
er v
eloc
ities
, cre
ates
add
ition
al tr
out h
abita
ts, a
nd h
elps
m
aint
ain
adeq
uate
poo
l dep
ths.
The
fi rs
t few
bou
lder
s in
a J
hoo
k st
ruct
ure
redu
ce w
ater
vel
ociti
es a
nd ri
verb
ank
eros
ion.
Exc
avat
ion
of a
poo
l hab
itat i
s us
ually
nec
essa
ry. T
he s
ite fo
r the
fi rs
t bou
lder
is a
long
the
outs
ide cu
rve
whe
re th
e po
ol is
exc
avat
ed. T
he
fabr
ic m
ater
ial i
s pl
aced
whe
re th
e fi r
st b
ould
er is
em
bedd
ed in
to th
e riv
erba
nk. T
he fa
bric
form
s a
seal
bet
wee
n th
e bo
ulde
r and
th
e riv
erba
nk. T
he to
p of
the
boul
der i
s se
t abo
ut 1
2 inch
es a
bove
ban
kful
l ele
vatio
n. T
his
boul
der i
s pl
aced
to d
efl ect
wat
er s
urface
cu
rren
t tow
ard
the ce
nter
of t
he s
tream
. Foo
ter b
ould
ers
are
plac
ed d
irect
ly d
owns
tream
of a
ll bo
ulde
rs p
lace
d to
form
the
J-ho
ok
struct
ure.
Foo
ter b
ould
ers
prev
ent t
he s
truct
ure
boul
ders
from
mov
ing
dow
nstre
am d
urin
g hi
gh ri
ver fl
ow
s. E
ach
boul
der i
n th
e st
ruct
ure
is p
lace
d to
dire
ct s
urface
wat
er fl
ows
tow
ard
the
mid
dle
of th
e st
ream
. The
bou
lder
stru
ctur
e st
arts
at a
n an
gle
of a
bout
30
−40
degr
ees
from
the
river
bank
for a
bout
1/3
the
dist
ance
acr
oss
the
stre
am, g
ently
cur
ves
dow
nstre
am fo
r abo
ut 2
/3 th
e di
stan
ce
acro
ss th
e st
ream
, the
n cu
rves
sha
rply
dow
nstre
am in
to th
e ce
nter
of t
he e
xcav
ated
poo
l. Th
e to
p el
evat
ion
of e
ach
boul
der i
s decr
ease
d an
d th
e ga
p be
twee
n ea
ch b
ould
er incr
ease
s as
the
struct
ure
is c
onst
ruct
ed acr
oss
the
river
.
Boul
der V
ane
(Hal
f cro
ss
vane
)
This
stru
ctur
e us
es th
ree
to fo
ur re
ctan
gula
r sha
ped
boul
ders
rang
ing
in s
ize fr
om 4
−6 ft
and
2−3
feet
in h
eigh
t. Th
e bo
ulde
r van
e po
ints
ups
tream
abo
ut 2
0−30
deg
rees
from
the
river
bank
and
dire
cts
surfa
ce w
ater
cur
rent
s to
war
d th
e ce
nter
of t
he ri
ver c
hann
el.
The
top
elev
atio
n of
eac
h succ
eedi
ng p
lace
d bo
ulde
r dec
reas
es a
nd th
e fi n
al b
ould
er re
sts
abou
t 12−
15 inch
es a
bove
the ch
anne
l su
bstra
te. B
ould
er v
anes
rare
ly e
xten
d m
ore
than
20%
acr
oss
the
river
cha
nnel
. The
hyd
raul
ic ju
mp
betw
een
boul
ders
nor
mal
ly
shou
ld b
e le
ss th
an 1
ft. O
n th
e do
wns
tream
sid
e of
eac
h bo
ulde
r, a
foot
er b
ould
er is
em
bedd
ed in
to th
e ch
anne
l sub
stra
te a
nd p
lace
d tig
ht a
gain
st e
ach
vane
bou
lder
. The
foot
er b
ould
er p
rovi
des
stab
ility
to th
e bo
ulde
r van
e st
ruct
ure
and cr
eate
s ad
ditio
nal t
rout
ha
bita
t.
Stratus Consulting SC11902 84
Upper Arkansas River Watershed Restoration Plan and Environmental Assessment
Appendix A
Detailed Information on In-Stream Restoration ActivitiesD
. Des
crip
tion
of tr
eatm
ents
use
d to
enh
ance
mid
-cha
nnel
aqu
atic
and
trou
t hab
itats
Aqua
tic h
abita
t tre
atm
ents
Rest
orat
ion
treat
men
t des
crip
tions
Rand
om
Boul
ders
Boul
ders
exc
eedi
ng a
bout
3 ft
in le
ngth
and
3 ft
in h
eigh
t, w
ith a
t lea
st o
ne n
early
fl at
sur
face
and
with
an
irreg
ular
rect
angu
lar s
hape
, m
ake
exce
llent
rand
om b
ould
ers.
Firs
t exc
avat
e an
ove
rsize
d ov
al-s
hape
d pi
t for
eac
h bo
ulde
r. Pl
ace
the
fl atte
st s
ide
up. W
hen
a va
riety
of r
ando
m b
ould
ers
are
used
in ri
ffl e
or ru
n re
ache
s, b
ould
er to
p el
evat
ions
sho
uld
rang
e be
twee
n ab
out b
ankf
ull t
o sl
ight
ly
unde
rwat
er d
urin
g lo
w s
tream
fl ow
s. T
he d
iffer
ent b
ould
er e
leva
tions
pro
vide
a d
iver
sity
of w
ater
dep
th a
nd w
ater
vel
ocity
hab
itats
ac
ross
a w
ide
rang
e of
stre
am fl
ows.
Lim
ited
use
of ra
ndom
bou
lder
s in
poo
ls c
reat
es a
dditi
onal
trou
t cov
er. R
iver
s w
ith h
igh
stre
am
trans
porte
d se
dim
ent l
oads
tend
to acc
umul
ate
sedi
men
t on
the
dow
nstre
am s
ide
of b
ould
ers
and
limit
thei
r val
ue a
s tro
ut h
abita
t.
Boul
der C
lust
erLa
rger
bou
lder
s >
5 ft
in le
ngth
and
abo
ut 3
ft in
hei
ght a
re re
com
men
ded
for b
ould
er c
lust
ers.
In ri
ffl e
or ru
n ha
bita
ts, e
xcav
ate
a la
rge
over
size
d ov
al-s
hape
d pi
t lar
ge e
noug
h to
acc
omm
odat
e th
e nu
mbe
r of b
ould
ers
plan
ned
for t
he c
lust
er. A
bou
lder
clu
ster
no
rmal
ly c
onta
ins
thre
e bo
ulde
rs b
ut u
p to
sev
en b
ould
ers
have
bee
n us
ed. T
he e
xcav
ated
pit
shou
ld e
xten
d se
vera
l fee
t bey
ond
the
plan
ned
size
of t
he b
ould
er c
lust
er. B
ould
ers
plac
ed in
a c
lust
er a
rran
gem
ent n
eed
diffe
rent
spa
cing
and
ele
vatio
ns to
cre
ate
a di
vers
ity o
f wat
er d
epth
s an
d ve
loci
ties.
In th
e m
iddl
e of
the cl
uste
r dow
nstre
am fr
om th
e th
ree
or fo
ur m
ost u
pstre
am b
ould
ers,
exca
vate
dee
per i
nto
the ch
anne
l sub
stra
te to
pro
vide
add
ition
al d
eepe
r wat
er tr
out h
abita
t. If
river
tran
spor
ted
sedi
men
t mat
eria
ls
are
min
imal
, a b
ould
er c
an b
e pl
aced
into
the
deep
est w
ater
poc
ket.
Crea
te a
tail
out i
n th
e lo
wer
end
of t
he b
ould
er c
lust
er.
Rock
Gar
den
A rock
gar
den
treat
men
t inv
olve
s em
bedd
ing
boul
ders
less
than
2 ft
in d
iam
eter
into
a s
mal
l/coa
rse
grav
el ri
ffl e
subs
trate
. Thi
s tre
atm
ent i
s su
ited
for s
econ
dary
act
ive ch
anne
ls lack
ing co
ver o
r oth
er in
-cha
nnel
stru
ctur
es. B
ould
ers
are
plac
ed c
lose
eno
ugh
toge
ther
to c
reat
e di
vers
ities
of w
ater
vel
ociti
es th
at p
rovi
de h
abita
t cov
er. T
his
treat
men
t cre
ates
add
ition
al c
hann
el ro
ughn
ess.
Stum
psSt
umps
are
mer
ely
root
wad
s w
ith a
sho
rt tru
nk. T
he ro
ot fa
n sh
ould
exc
eed
3 ft
in d
iam
eter
and
trun
k le
ngth
can
be cu
t to
fi t th
e si
te. S
umps
are
place
d up
right
in lo
w-g
radi
ent r
uns
and
riffl e
s or
in p
ools
with
the
root
fan
rest
ing
on th
e ch
anne
l sub
stra
te. S
tum
ps
are
anch
ored
with
larg
e fl a
t sha
ped
boul
ders
. Thi
s tre
atm
ent i
s no
t sui
tabl
e fo
r hig
h-gr
adie
nt ri
vers
of i
n-st
ream
s w
ith h
igh
sedi
men
t lo
ads.
Mid
Cha
nnel
Ro
ot W
ads
This
stru
ctur
e pr
ovid
es m
id-c
hann
el o
verh
ead
trout
cov
er. M
id-c
hann
el ro
ot w
ads ca
n be
place
d in
to lo
w g
radi
ent r
iffl e
and
run
habi
tats
or p
lace
d in
to e
xist
ing
or e
xcav
ated
mid
-cha
nnel
poo
ls. R
oot w
ads
with
a ro
ot fa
n di
amet
er g
reat
er th
an 3
ft a
nd h
avin
g at
tach
ed tr
unks
> 1
6 ft
in le
ngth
are
place
d pa
ralle
l to
the
river
fl ow
faci
ng th
e ro
ot fa
n up
stre
am. T
his
struct
ure
is a
ncho
red
usin
g fl a
t-sid
ed 3
−6 ft
bou
lder
s pl
aced
on
the
trunk
or r
oot w
ad. W
here
ver p
ossi
ble,
two
root
wad
s sh
ould
be
plac
ed b
esid
e ea
ch o
ther
fo
r bet
ter a
ncho
ring.
Thi
s al
so c
reat
es a
dditi
onal
ove
rhea
d tro
ut c
over
. Dep
endi
ng u
pon
the cu
rvat
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Figure A.1. Reaches 1−4 in the 11-mile reach of the Arkansas River below the confl uence with California Gulch.
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Figure A.2. Elevating riffl e substrate.
A.3 In-Stream Restoration Activities Figures A.2−A.9 provide examples of the types of in-stream restoration activities that may be employed.
Figure A.3. Reducing channel width by adding fi ll.
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Figure A.4. Creating a point bar.
Figure A.5. Add riparian vegetation.
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Figure A.6. Excavate a pool.
Figure A.7. Add overhead trout cover.
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Figure A.8. Add a riparian bench with a cobble toe.
Figure A.9. Add a riparian bench with a stone/boulder toe.
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Detailed Information on In-Stream Restoration ActivitiesA.4 Bank Erosion TreatmentsFigures A.10−A.18 provide examples of the types of bank erosion treatments that may be employed.
Figure A.10. Log spur.
Figure A.11. Log vane.
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Figure A.12. River bank root wad.
Figure A.13. Horizontal parallel log.
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Figure A.14. Cross vane.
Figure A.15. Half cross (boulder) vane.
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Figure A.16. Boulder J hook.
Figure A.17. Hard point.
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Figure A.18. Single boulder defl ector.
A.5 Aquatic Habitat TreatmentsFigures A.19−A.23 provide examples of the types aquatic habitat treatments that may be employed.
Figure A.19. Rock garden.
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Figure A.20. Boulder cluster.
Figure A.21. Stump.
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Figure A.22. Random boulders.
Figure A.23. Mid-channel root wad/log.