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By Alan BettsIE Aust NSW Maritime Panel / PIANC
Half Day Seminar15/08/2011
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• Introduction• Extreme Events
• Seismic• Tsunami• Waves • Storms - (Cyclones /
Typhoons / Hurricanes)• Sea Level Rise• Flooding
• Risk-based approach
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• Presentation covers descriptions of how some extreme events have affected port infrastructure. It is not exhaustive.
• Describes the response provided to some events, both prior to & post event.
• Does not provide general design guidance for extreme events as each circumstance is different.
• The presentation is intended to provide a basis for further discussion. A vessel aground at Port of Busan, 2003
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• Australian and NZ Standards and guidelines (AS/NZS1170, AS4997)
• British and European Standards (BS6349)/Eurocode
• DIN 4149 (German)• Hong Kong Port Manual• Japanese Standards• American Standards• PIANC - Seismic design
guidelines for port structuresMarCom report of WG 34 –2001
Design Considerations:• Structural Ductility• Soil Conditions• Response of Adjacent Structures • Structural Importance Factors• Stability of reclamation and
revetments• Services integrityAustralia - Newcastle earthquake, 1989, magnitude 5.6• Port Botany Container Terminal
Expansion Tsunamis - major seismic extreme events - covered later in presentation
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Major caisson quay wall rotation at RoRo berth
Seawall rotation – preserved!
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Aerial photo of port with reclamation works
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Cashin Quay earthquake repair works
Reclamation works
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• Magnitude and effect directly related to earthquake activity.
• Need specialist investigation to consider effects
• Design for tsunami may adopt a risk-based approach
• Tsunami early warning systems minimise adverse effects
• Devastating effects of the Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004.
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• Sri Lanka• Magnitude 9 earthquake
off coast of Sumatra• Death toll 22,000• Top image 1 hour after the
wave hit showing water flowing back into the sea, turbulence off-shore
• Bottom image 1 January 2004 showing normal conditions
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• Australian and NZ Standards and Guidelines (AS/NZS1170, AS4997)
• British and European Standards (BS6349)/Eurocode
• Hong Kong Port Manual• Japanese Standards• American Standards
Design Considerations:• Wave characteristics: height,
period, length• Recurrence interval• Lateral & uplift loads• Physical dimensions and nature
of structure (quay walls, revetments, breakwaters)
• Overtopping, run up of sloping revetments
• Combination with storm surge and tidal elevations
• Seiche effects
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AS4997
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One Example - Hong Kong Port Manual• 1 in 100 year wave with a 1
in 10 year water level• 1 in 10 year wave with a 1 in
100 year water level• 1 in 50 year wave with a 1 in
50 year water level• 1 in 100 year wave and
mean lower low water level
Coffs Harbour 1999
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• Detailed Design and Site Support to Marine EPC• 650m of Caisson Breakwater• 70m x 40m x 25m Caissons Design of the Year Award
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A typical inverted T-Shape was considered at tender stage, but replaced with an L-Shape during detailed design.
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• Some ports and harbours are susceptible to seiche effects depending on their: shape, size and depth (resonance effects)
• These are non-tidal fluctuations in sea level are often caused during low depressions when the ocean interacts with coastal geomorphology and port infrastructure
• Some observed seiche effects have caused sea water variations up to 3 metres above predicted levels
• Needs particular investigation by specialist coastal engineers• Exposed ocean ports particularly susceptible (Napier, Taranaki) • May require breakwater reconfiguration and/or vessel
departure and/or mooring systems
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Global average sea level rise projections range from 180mm to 600mm by 2099
Source: IPCC 4th
Assessment Report, 2007
(Does not include subsidence)
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AS4997 – Guidelines for the Design of Maritime Structures prediction for sea level rise• 25 years – 0.1m• 50 years – 0.2m• 100 years – 0.4mSea level rise provided for by 2100 in various state coastal plans :• NSW – 0.9m • QLD – 0.8m• NT – 0.6m• WA – 1.0m• SA – 0.9mHeight of port and harbour structures needs to be carefully determined considering combination of adverse natural environmental effects: sea level rise, wind and wave effects
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• Mean sea-level rise accelerating
• Tidal patterns could be influenced
• Increased storminesso Storm surges may
increase in height
• Increase in wind speeds
• Wave heights may change
Waves overtopping quay wall, Pakistan (photo: National Institute of Oceanography)
Waves overtopping Frankston Pier, Melbourne(photo: Friend of the Earth Melbourne Website)
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Where breakwaters enclose and protect port infrastructure, overtopping of breakwaters would cause:
• Increased wave agitation in port basin (downtime for vessels)• Increased storminess would cause increased vessel movement• Increased vessel downtime can have severe impacts when
operating to fixed schedules
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• Vessel elevation relative to wharf
• Significant overtopping causing flooding
• Likely to exceed land-based storm water drainage capacity
• Disruption to operationso Impacts at container terminals
where area behind wharf used for container storage
o Costs of damage to goods, plus future insurance costs
• Regular flooding could affect viability of port operation
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Hong Kong Ports Manual provides the following guidance:
• Normal Wind-Loading: 1.2kPa compared with extreme loading of 3.0kPa during cyclones
• For wind gusts more than 44m/s the cyclone warning system is activated.
• Highest expected wind gust is 70m/s. This is the maximum gust expected to occur with a return period of 50 years in Hong Kong.
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• Most maritime and building codes provide average (30 s) and gust (3 s) wind speeds
• Often based on historical data• NSW coast frequently
experiences east coast low depressions e.g. Pasha Bulker storm and Sydney to Hobart
• Northern half of Australia particularly susceptible to cyclones
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Cyclone Jacob off Port Hedland 10 March 2007 (wind speed 140kph)(photo: NASA)
Panamax Coal Vessel (Pasha Bulker)
Aground on Nobbys Beach, Newcastle, after failing to hold anchorage in June 2007
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Maximum Category: 5Maximum sustained wind speed: 205 km/hr Maximum wind gust:285 km/hr
Port Hinchinbrook Marina at Cardwell
Port of Townsville
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• Need to investigate and understand the effect of naturally occurring extreme events - as provided for in current design standards and guidelines.
• Also need to consider provision for extreme events. • Consider an Asset Management approach – e.g. Lyttleton • Can damage be mitigated, or if sustained can the
infrastructure be economically reconstructed or replaced?• Should a risk based approach be adopted (frequency,
magnitude and probability of occurrence) related to consequences of property and infrastructure damage or loss of life?
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• Neil McLennan – Engineering Manager Lyttleton Port of Christchurch
• Dick Carter – Former engineering manager at Port of Wellington and Nelson
• Ian Muir – URS/ Scott Wilson Asia Pacific Maritime Manager – Hong Kong
• Martin Mannion – URS/ Scott Wilson global head of Ports• Randy Mason – Maritime manager URS/Scott Wilson
USA• Sydney colleagues : Heli Lahteela, Kenan Aldemir and
Andrian Juric, who helped compile this presentation