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Deployment Challenges for Renewable
Energy Water Heating in Australia
Graham Morrison
Em Professor, University of New South Wales
Thermal Design pty ltd
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THERMOSYPHON SOLAR WATER
HEATER
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PUMPED CIRCULATION SWH
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EVACUATED TUBE SOLAR
WATER HEATER
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PLASTIC MOULDED INTEGRAL
SOLAR WATER HEATER
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HEAT PUMP
WATER HEATERS
Solar boosted Air source
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Promoting Deployment of
Renewable Energy in Australia
-technology improvements
-capital cost offset
• Renewable Energy Certificates (now Small technology certificates)
1 MWhe (displaced) = 1 certificate = $40 (has been $15 to $50)
Performance based rating assessment.
• Federal & State government support up to
$1000
Minimum performance for entry, but most subsidies not related to
performance.
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ENERGY CONSERVATION AND SOLAR
ENERGY SUPPORT SCHEMES IN AUSTRALIA
• Roof insulation scheme $50 to $100/t CO2
• PV renewable energy certificate multiplier 4 free certificates = $160/t CO2
• PV feed-in tariffs 40c/kWh bonus = $400/t CO2
• Solar water heater STC $40/t CO2
• Solar water heater subsidy state
governments ?
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Solar & Heat Pump Domestic Water
Heating Systems Installed in Australia
Data smoothing due to two year registration period for REC
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BOOM-BUST CYCLE AVOIDED FOR SWHs (but not for heat pumps)!
• Well established standards Keeps junk products out of the STC scheme and hence minimises
consumer complaints (but a lot of manufacturer complaints!).
• Technology transfer to manufacturers Manufacturers rate their products using approved software
package.
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SOLAR WATER HEATER
STANDARDS
• Australia has been a leader in the development of standards for product quality and performance rating.
• Australian standards have been adopted as the basis of International Standards.
• Integrity of STC scheme for solar water heaters is based on qualification to AS/NZS 2712 and performance is rated using AS/NZS 4234.
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INTEGRAL TANK-COLLECTOR SYSTEMS
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INTEGRAL SOLAR WATER HEATER
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FLOODED-TUBE EVACUATED
SOLAR WATER HEATER
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SOLAR WATER HEATER STC
RATING SCHEME
• Manufacturers rate their products using measured component characteristics and annual performance modelling software (TRNSYS).
• Sample of manufacturers performance claims are audited.
• Major benefit of this process has been the transfer of product design and performance assessment technology to manufacturers. This has resulted in significant improvement in product performance.
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RECs created by SWH and SGU
ORER annual report 2010
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REC by water heater type
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Cumulative RECs by energy source
ORER annual reports 2009/2010
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Cumulative REC by energy source
REC multiplier
Actual REC
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TOTAL CAPACITY OF SOLAR
WATER HEATERS 2009
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CAPACITY PER 1000 INHABITANTS (kWhthermal/1000 inhabitants) 2009
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UNGLAZED SOLAR WATER HEATING CAPACITY
(kWh/ 1000 INHABITANTS)
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CURRENT IMPLIMENTED CAPACITY
AND ENERGY PRODUCED
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CONCLUSIONS
• Solar water heater deployment has been successful because it has avoided excessive boom/bust cycles.
• Base support on product specific ratings and not generic technology promotion.
• Including manufacturers in product rating process leads to competition on the basis of product performance and hence good design and product innovation.
• Successful implementation and continuous growth of renewable energy water heating in Australia relative to other countries.
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FUTURE DEPLOYMENT CHALLENGES
• Improved auditing process for standards
compliance
• Supporting growing number of product
suppliers
• Improved installation practices
• Technology improvements
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REC created by water heater type