Depictives in HungarianA class of non-finite constructions
Casper de Groot
ACLC - Universiteit van Amsterdam
ACLC - November 25, 2009
Non-finite predications
Infinitives, participles, converbs, gerunds etc.
I heard Peter playing the piano. Mary walked away laughing. Charles went to the market to buy cheese.
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Secondary predications
Obligatory
They consider John a fool. John = a fool
* They consider John.
* They consider a fool.
Optional - Depictives
Mary ate the fish raw. fish = raw
Mary ate the fish.
ACLC - November 25, 2009
Depictives
Mary ate the fish raw.
Schultze-Berndt & Himmelmann (2004) and Himmelmann & Schultze-Berndt eds. (2005) establish a better understanding of formal and semantic properties of depictives by describing various examples from languages of the world while comparing them with (different classes of) adverbials, i.e. other types of participant-oriented adjuncts.
Depictives are participant-oriented adjuncts which are part of the focus domain of a sentence, i.e. which function as focus exponents. Such adjuncts encode a state which contributes a significant characteristic to the main event – for example, leaving drunk or leaving outraged is different from simply leaving.
ACLC - November 25, 2009
Depictives
Mary ate the fish raw.
Depictive secondary predications meet the following requirements: There are two separate predicative elements. The depictive is obligatory controlled. The controller is not
expressed separately as an argument of the depictive. The depictive does not form a complex or periphrastic
predicate with the main predicate. The depictive is not an argument of the main verb. The depictive is not a modifier of the controller. The depictive is part of the same prosodic unit as the main
predicate. The depictive is non-finite.
ACLC - November 25, 2009
Depictives in Hungarian
Pál idegenvezetö-ként dolgozik Görögországban. (noun)Paul tour operator-ESS works Greece.in“Paul is working as a tour operator in Greece.”
Péter berúg-va ment haza. (converb)Peter get.drunk-CONV went home“Peter went home drunk’.”
Kett-en mentünk haza. (numeral)two-ADV we.went home“The two of us went home.”
Mari nyers-en ette meg a halat. (adjective)Mary raw-ADV ate up the fish“Mary ate the fish raw.”
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Finite versus non-finite marking
ACLC - November 25, 2009
Finite versus non-finite marking
Pál tanár
Paul teacher
‘Paul is a teacher.’
zero marking
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Finite versus non-finite marking
Pál tanár
Paul teacher
‘Paul is a teacher.’
zero marking
prep or suffix
Mint tanár dolgozik.
Tanár-ként dolgozik.
‘He works as a teacher.’
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Finite versus non-finite marking
Pál be van rúg-va
Paul Asp Cop drunk-Conv
‘Paul is drunk.’
copula
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Finite versus non-finite marking
Pál be van rúg-va
Paul Asp Cop drunk-Conv
‘Paul is drunk.’
copula no copula
Berúg-va elment.
drunk-Conv he.left
‘He left drunk.’
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Finite versus non-finite marking
A hal nyers.
the fish raw
‘The fish is raw.’
zero marking
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Finite versus non-finite marking
A hal nyers.
the fish raw
‘The fish is raw.’
zero marking
suffix Nyers-en ette a halat.
raw-sx he.ate the fish
‘He ate the fish raw.’
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Finite versus non-finite marking
Egy meg egy az kettö.
one plus one that two
‘One plus one is two.’
zero marking
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Finite versus non-finite marking
Egy meg egy az kettö.
one plus one that two
‘One plus one is two.’
zero marking
suffix Kett-en mentek el.
Two-sx they.left Asp
‘They left the two of them.’
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Finite versus non-finite marking
Pál tanár
Paul teacher
‘Paul is a teacher.’
zero marking
prep or suffix
Mint tanár dolgozik.
Tanár-ként dolgozik.
‘He works as a teacher.’
Pál be van rúg-va
Paul Asp Cop drunk-Conv
‘Paul is drunk.’
copula no copula
Berúg-va elment.
drunk-Conv he.left
‘He left drunk.’
A hal nyers.
the fish raw
‘The fish is raw.’
zero marking
suffix Nyers-en ette a halat.
raw-sx .he ate the fish
‘He ate the fish raw.’
Egy meg egy az kettö.
one plus one that two
‘One plus one is two.’
zero marking
suffix Kett-en mentek el.
Two-sx they.left Asp
‘They left the two of them.’
ACLC - November 25, 2009
Depictive - Noun
Pál mint idegenvezetö dolgozik Görögországban. (mint)
Paul as tour operator works Greece.in
“Paul is working as a tour operator in Greece.”
Pál idegenvezetö-ként dolgozik Görögországban. (-ként)
Paul tour operator-ESS works Greece.in
“Paul is working as a tour operator in Greece.”
mint = Paul is a tour operator by profession
-ként = Paul is working as if he is a tour operator
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Depictive - Noun
? Madonna mint férfi jelent meg a színpadon. (mint)
Madonna as man appeared Asp the stage.on
‘Madonna appeared on stage as a man.’
Madonna férfi-ként jelent meg a színpadon. (-ként)
Madonna man-ESS appeared Asp the stage.on
‘Madonna appeared on stage as a man.’
mint = Madonna is a man
-ként = Madonna dressed as a man
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Depictive - converb
Péter be van rúg-va. (non-verbal predicate)
Peter ASP COP drunk-CONV‘Peter is drunk.’
Péter berúg-va ment haza. (depictive)Peter get.drunk-CONV went home‘Peter went home drunk.’
Károly rohan-va jön a kertböl. (manner)Charles run-CONV come the garden-from‘Charles comes running from the garden.’
A pohar-at felemel-ve elmondta a köszöntö-t. (circumstance)the glass raise-CONV he.said the toast‘He proposed a toast while raising his glass.’
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Depictive - Numeral
Kett-en mentünk haza. (depictive)Two-sx we.went home‘The two of us went home.’
Compare:
Anna szép-en énekel. (manner)Anna beautiful-sx sing‘Anna sings beautifully.‘
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Depictive - Adjective
Mari nyers-en ette meg a halat. (depictive)Mary raw-ADV ate up the fish“Mary ate the fish raw.”
Anna szép-en énekel. (manner)Anna beautiful-sx sing‘Anna sings beautifully.‘
János mérges-en írta a levelet. (ambiguous)John angry-sx went away‘John left angry / angrily
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Depictives versus Manner
Depictive Manner
Noun
Converb
Numeral
Adjective
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Depictives versus Manner
Depictive Manner
Noun The form with the suffix –ként has adverbial properties
Converb
Numeral
Adjective
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Depictives versus Manner
Depictive Manner
Noun
Converb Depictive converbs are in complementary distribution with manner and circumstance
Numeral
Adjective
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Depictives versus Manner
Depictive Manner
Noun
Converb
Numeral The numeral takes an ending which is formally identical to the manner suffix
Adjective
ACLC - November 25, 2009
Depictives versus Manner
Depictive Manner
Noun
Converb
Numeral
Adjective The adjectival depictive and manner take the same ending; an expression may be ambiguous
ACLC - November 25, 2009
Depictives versus Manner
Depictive Manner
Noun The form with the suffix –ként has adverbial properties
Converb Depictive converbs are in complementary contribution with manner and circumstance
Numeral The numeral takes an ending which is formally identical to the manner suffix
Adjective The adjectival depictive and manner take the same ending; an expression may be ambiguous
ACLC - November 25, 2009
Hungarian versus Finnish
Hungarian Finnish
ACLC - November 25, 2009
Hungarian versus Finnish
Hungarian Finnish
“essive” or
depictive marker
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Hungarian versus Finnish
Hungarian Finnish
-ként “essive” or
depictive marker
-na/-nä
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Essive in Hungarian and Finnish
Hungarian
Béla orvos-ként dolgozik Párizsban.
Béla doctor-ESS works Paris.in
‘Béla is working as a doctor in Paris.’
Finnish
Heikki on Jämsässä lääkäri-na
Heikki is Jämsä-in doctor-ESS
‘Heikki is (working as) a doctor in Jämsä.'
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Hungarian versus Finnish
Hungarian Finnish
converb
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Converb and case in Hungarian and Finnish
Hungarian: Depicitves, Manner, and Circumstance
The converb in -va/-ve does not allow any suffix
Finnish: Manner, Circumstance, Purpose
Infinitive-a + translative -kse + Possessive (purpose)
Infinitive-mA + abessive -ttä
Infinitive-e + instructive -n (manner, circ.)
Coordination of Essive with Converb-Instructive is possible.
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Hungarian versus Finnish
Hungarian Finnish
No case converb versatile cases: instructive, translative, abessive
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Hungarian versus Finnish
Hungarian Finnish
converb as a predicative with
the copula
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Hungarian versus Finnish
Hungarian Finnish
berúgva van ïs drunk’
converb as a predicative with
the copula
infinitive-mA+abessive
Pyykki on pese-mättä
‘The laundry is unwashed.’
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Hungarian versus Finnish
Hungarian Finnish
depictive and manner
ACLC - November 25, 2009
Hungarian versus Finnish
Hungarian Finnish
Partial overlap
depictive and manner ● infinitive-e+instructive
● No ambiguity with Adj
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Ambiguity between Depictive and Mannerwith an Adjective
Hungarian
János mérges-en írta a levelet. (ambiguous)
John angry-sx went away
‘John left angry / angrily
Finnish
Pekka lähti iloise-na luennolle. (unambiguous)
Pekka went cheerful-ESS lecture.ALL
'Pekka went cheerfully to the lecture.'
ACLC - November 25, 2009
Hungarian versus Finnish
Hungarian Finnish
-ként “essive” or
depictive marker
-na/-nä
No case converb versatile cases: instructive, translative, abessive
berúgva van ïs drunk’
converb as a predicative with
the copula
infinitive-mA+abessive
Pyykki on pese-mättä
‘The laundry is unwashed.’
Partial overlap
depictive and manner ● infinitive-e+instructive
● No ambiguity with Adj
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Essive in Finno-Ugric
Ugric Hungarian
Ob-Ugric Khanty, Mansi
Finnic
Permic Udmurt, Komi
Volgaic Mari, Mordvin
North Finnic Estonian, Finnish, Livonian, Saami, Vepsian, Votic
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Case or Marker
Hungarian -ként does not mark arguments of predicates Hungarian -nak/-nek is the Dative case, it is also used to mark
obligatory secondary predicates Essive and alike are ‘predicative case makers’ Essive and alike are predicative markers Morphological aspects:
Agglutinative languages have phrase makers Infinitve and converb are not verbal.
ACLC - November 25, 2009
Conclusions
Depictive as a category of non-finite expressions Depictive versus Manner Hungarian as an example for typological research Essive in the Finno-Ugrian languages Depictive marker: case or predicative marker
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