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Department of StateDirectorate of Defense Trade
Controls
Mal Zerden
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Objectives
• Explain role of Dept. of State and DDTC in regulating exports
• Review legislation and regulations
• Understand what the USML covers
• Explain purpose of controls and country policies
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Objectives
• Explain the Commodity Jurisdiction
process
• Explain different types of licenses
• Define terminology
• Review some exemptions
• Understand Compliance and Penalties
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Foreign Policy Objectives
• Support allies in mutual foreign policy and national security goals
• Promote interoperability with allies
• Keep defense technology out of the hands of adversaries
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Agency Roles
• State Department
• Commerce Department
• Homeland Security (CBP/ICE)
• Justice Department (ATF)
• Department of Defense– DTSA, Armed Services, DSS
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Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC)
Our Mission:
Advance U.S. national security and foreign policy through licensing of direct commercial sales in defense articles and the development and enforcement of defense trade export control laws, regulations and policies.
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Laws & Regulations
• Arms Export Control Act (AECA)
• International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR)– 22 CFR Parts 120-130
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Arms Export Control Act (AECA)
• Controls Exports/Imports of Defense Articles & Services
• Establishes Munitions List
• Mandates Registration of Manufacturers and Exporters
• Mandates Registration/Licensing of Brokers
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• Broad Authority of the Directorate to Approve, Deny, Suspend, Revoke and Halt Shipments from U.S. Ports
• Congressional Oversight – 36(c), 36(d) and 36(f)
• End Use and Retransfer Assurances
Arms Export Control Act (AECA)
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• Require Monitoring/Reporting Fees, Contributions, and Commissions
• Confirm Bona Fides of End Use and Users
• Establishes Fines and Penalties
• Foundation of Regulatory Process
Arms Export Control Act (AECA)
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International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR)
• 22 CFR Part 120 - 130
• Implements AECA
• Regulations for export of USML articles
• Contains the USML - designates defense articles/services subject to Department of State export jurisdiction
• Compliance and Enforcement - Violations & Penalties
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Delegation of Authority
• President of the United States• Secretary of State• Undersecretary for Arms Control and
International Security• Assistant Secretary for Political Military Affairs• Deputy Assistant Secretary for Defense Trade
Controls• Managing Director of Defense Trade Controls
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NSPD-56 Defense Trade Reform
• Signed by the President on Jan 22, 2008
• Directed the most far reaching reforms to the defense trade process in 16 years
• Mandates specific process and resource requirements to support an export control system that is predictable, efficient and transparent.
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NSPD-56 Defense Trade Reform
• DDTC should be fully resourced to perform its mission
• DDTC should be 75% self-funded• Electronic licensing system to
accommodate additional types of export cases
• Improve interagency jurisdiction decisions• Cases to be processed within 60 days
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Per NSPD-56, no license can take more than 60 days unless:
• Congressional notification is required
• A waiver is required (Presidential or UNSCR)
• Assurances are required from the foreign government
• Verification of the end user is necessary
• DoD has not completed its review
NSPD-56 Defense Trade Reform
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License Review Statistics
• Over 82,000 cases received in 2008
• Approximately 5% increase last year
• Approximately 50 officers in licensing office plus administrative staff
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• OEF/OIF: 80% faster
• Open Cases: 66% reduction in pending
• Overall Case Processing: 55% faster
• RWA Rate: 52% reduction
(all occurred while the number of cases increased by 5%)
Improvement Metrics
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US Munitions List
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U.S. Munitions List - 121
• Designates articles, services, and related technical data as defense articles and defense services subject to Department of State export approval
• Items preceded by an asterisk are designated as “significant military equipment” (SME)
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U.S. Munitions List - 121.1
• I Firearms
• II Guns and Armament (over .50 cal)
• III Ammunition/Ordnance
• IV Launch Vehicles, Guided Missiles, Rockets, Torpedoes, Bombs, Mines
• V Explosives and Energetic Materials, Propellants, Incendiary Agents
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Commodity Jurisdiction (CJ)
• Purpose of CJ
• Policy criteria
• Process
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Commodity Jurisdiction 120.4
• Purpose– To make a determination as to whether an
article is considered to be a defense article covered by the USML
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Designating/Determining Defense Articles - 120.3
• Policy criteria– specifically designed or modified for military
application– does not have predominant civil application– does not have performance equivalent to an
article used for civil application
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Designating/Determining Defense Articles - 120.3
• Policy criteria– specifically designed, developed,
configured, adapted, or modified for military applicationAND HAS
– significant military or intelligence applicability such that ITAR control is necessary
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Commodity Jurisdiction
• Process– Registration is not required prior to
submission of a CJ– Request submitted by letter– Request reviewed by CJ officer– Case staffed to DOC and DOD – Replies received and analyzed by CJ officer
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Commodity Jurisdiction
• If disagreement – CJ officer reconciles positions or if he can’t
• Escalation of decision making
• Decision made
• Determination reply letter to requestor
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Registration - 122.1
• Any person who engages in the U.S. in the business of either manufacturing or exporting defense articles or furnishing defense services is required to register with the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls
• Manufacturers who do not engage in exporting must nevertheless register
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Definitions
• Export – 120.17
• Defense Article – 120.6
• Significant Military Equipment – 120.7
• Technical Data – 120.10
• Defense Service – 120.9
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Purpose of Controls
• Foreign Policy
• National Security
• Human Rights
• Regional Stability
• Proliferation
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CountryLicensingPolicies
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Prohibited Destinations126.1
• U.S. arms embargo
• U.N. arms embargo
• countries supporting international
terrorism
• policy of denial
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Deputy Assistant SecretaryDirectorate of Defense Trade Controls
Managing DirectorDirectorate of Defense Trade Controls
Office of Defense Trade Controls Licensing (PM/DTCL)
Office of Defense Trade ControlsCompliance (PM/DTCC)
Office of Defense Trade ControlsPolicy (PM/DTCP)
DDTC ORGANIZATION
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Military Vehicle & Naval Vessel Division
Space & Missile Division
Firearms Team
Office of Defense Trade Controls Licensing
Aircraft Division
Electronic Systems Division
Emerging Technologies
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Application Process
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Application Process
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Types of State Dept. Licenses
• DSP-5• DSP-61• DSP-73• DSP-85
• Permanent Export• Temporary Import• Temporary Export• Classified Exports/Imports
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Other State Dept. Approvals
• DSP-119 Amendment to License
• GC General Correspondence
• Offshore Procurement
• Agreements– Technical Assistance– Manufacturing License– Distribution
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DSP-5 Permanent Export
• Unclassified permanent export of defense articles
• unclassified export of technical data - 125
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Documentation Requirements
• Purchase order
• Letter of intent
• Other appropriate documentation (e.g. signed contract)
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Required Information
• specific article
• quantity
• value
• ultimate end-user
• end-use
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Aircraft Programs
• A400M
• Eurofighter Typhoon
• Panavia Tornado
• JAS Gripen
• NH-90 Helicopter
• EH-101/AW-101 Helicopter
• C27J Spartan
• Eurocopter Tiger Helicopter
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• DSP-83 is required for– permanent export of significant military
equipment (* in USML) - 123.10– export of all classified hardware & data -
125.7
• Must be executed by foreign consignee, foreign end-user, and applicant - 123.10
DSP-83 Non-transfer & Use Certificate - 123.10
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DSP-83 Non-transfer & Use Certificate - 123.10
• DDTC may also require foreign government official to sign DSP-83 when export is to non-governmental foreign end-user - 123.10
• Stipulates that SME will not be reexported, resold outside of country, or to any other person
• DDTC may require DSP-83 for any other defense article or service - 123.10(b)
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General Correspondence
• Advisory opinion
• Reexport request
• Reconsideration of proviso
• ITAR interpretation question
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Agreements
• Technical Assistance
• Manufacturing License
• Distribution
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Technical Assistance Agreement
• US person furnishes assistance to foreign person in design, assembly, repair, maintenance, operation, etc. of a defense article
-- export of technical data
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Manufacturing License Agreement
• US person grants a foreign person manufacturing rights or know-how concerning defense articles
-- export of technical data
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Distribution Agreement
• Warehouse/Distribution abroad of defense articles exported from US
-- distribution to approved sales territory
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DTRADE
• DDTC’s Automated Export Licensing System
- DSP 5, 61, 73
- amendments
- soon to include TA/MA/DA/GC
- cases reviewed by DDTC’s computer
system
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DTRADE
- rejected if submission isn’t properly
completed
- automatically assigned by USML
Category
- assigned to Division Chief
- Division Chief reviews and assigns to
LO’s
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DTC Review
Industry
DTC Final Action
DOD
DTSAArmed Services
State
Regional BureauHuman Rights
PM Offices
Other
NASAEnergy
Application
Submission
Congressional NotificationMTEC Assurance
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Congressional Notification
• 30 calendar days notice (countries other than NATO members,
AS, JA, NZ)• Manufacture abroad of SME• Major Defense Equipment $14 million or
more• Defense articles/services $50 million or
more• Firearms $1 million or more
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Congressional Notification
• 15 calendar days notice
(NATO, AS, JA, NZ)
• Manufacture abroad of SME
• Major Defense Equipment $25 million or more
• Defense articles/services $100 million or more
• Firearms $1 million or more
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Reexport/Retransfers
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Reexport/Retransfer
Definition – 120.19
– “the transfer of defense articles or defense services to an end use, end user or destination not previously authorized”
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Reexport/Retransfer
All reexports/retransfers require prior approval from DDTC pursuant to the ITAR
- new end-use
- new end-user
- new destination
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Reexport/Retransfer
• submit written request to DDTC (submit through U.S. exporter if possible)
• provide previous authorization
evidence (e.g. license #)
• describe defense article, quantity,
value
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Reexport/Retransfer
• describe new end-user
• describe new end-use
• provide any other details of
transaction
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Provide Appropriate Documentation
– Purchase Order or Signed Contract
– DSP-83
– Descriptive Literature
– Part 126.13 Statement
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Reexport/Retransfer
• DDTC will provide written
reply
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Reexport Exemption
ITAR 123.9(e) allows re-export/retransfer without prior written approval:
– US origin components
– Incorporated into a foreign defense article
– For government of NATO country, Australia or Japan
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Reexport Exemption
Conditions:
– US origin components were previously authorized for export
– US origin components are not:• SME• MTCR items• Of a value triggering congressional
notification
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Reexport Exemption
Reporting Requirement:
– Written notification to DDTC within 30 days’ of reexport
– Specify articles re-exported and recipient government
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Temporary Import License Exemption - ITAR 123.4
• US origin, unclassified hardware– Repair, overhaul, replacement, calibration,
testing or reconditioning– Incorporation in to hardware already
approved for export– Demonstration/marketing in US– Rejected for permanent import– Approved under Foreign Military Sales
program
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Temporary Import License Exemption - ITAR 123.4
• U.S. company must declare import prior to import
• Foreign company must notify U.S. company before sending the defense article to the U.S.
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Reminder
• Reexports/retransfers require prior approval
• Approval will be a letter from DDTC (unless the exemption applies)
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Compliance & Enforcement
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Office of Defense Trade Controls Compliance
• Registration
• Watchlist
• End-use checks
• Audits of U.S. companies
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Office of Defense Trade Controls Compliance
• Support Licensing Office with intelligence• Liaison with Customs (ICE) & FBI• Work with US attorneys on court cases involving violations of AECA
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Responsibilities
• Licensees are responsible for acts of their employees, agents, and all authorized persons to whom possession of licenses and/or licensed articles have been entrusted regarding use, operation, possession, transportation, and handling
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Violations
• Unlawful to import/export or to attempt to import/export any defense articles / technical data or furnish any defense service without a license or other approval from the US Dept. of State
• Unlawful to violate any of the terms and conditions of the ITAR
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Violations
• Unlawful to make a false statement or
misrepresent on export/import
documentation• Purchase order• Foreign import certificate• Bill of lading• Nontransfer and use certificate
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Penalties
• Any person who willfully violates a provision of the ITAR may be subject to fine, imprisonment, or both
• Person and company may be prohibited from participating directly or indirectly in the export of defense articles, technical data, or services
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Penalties
• Criminal penalty– each violation a fine of up to $1,000,000, or
imprisonment up to 10 years, or both
• Civil penalty– each violation a fine of not more than
$500,000
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Voluntary Disclosure - 127.12
• Strongly encouraged if company discovers a violation
• Could be considered a mitigating factor in determining penalties
• Must be made prior to USG awareness and inquiry into the activity
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Contact Information
• DDTC Web Site: - pmddtc.state.gov• Response Team - telephone 202-663-1282 - email [email protected]
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Summary
• Understand export control regulations
• Provide U.S. party and/or USG with all pertinent information
• Comply with export control laws/policies/
procedures