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Department of Political and Social Sciences
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Ethnic diversity in neighborhoods and individual trust of immigrants and
natives:A replication of Putnam (2007) in a West-
European country.
BRAM LANCEE & JAAP DRONKERS
Presentation conference on theoretical perspectives on social cohesion and social capital, May 15th 2008
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
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Outline
• Putnam’s article • Theory and hypotheses• Measurement• Results• Discussion
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Putnam (2007)*
• Putnam claims that (in the short run) ethnic diversity reduces solidarity and social capital.
• Residents in ethnically diverse neighborhoods tend to ‘hunker’ down.
• Trust in one’s neighbors is lower, community cooperation is more rare, friends fewer.
*Putnam, R. D. (2007). E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and community in the twenty-first century. The 2006 Johan Skytte prize lecture. Scandinavian Political Studies, 30(2), 137-174.
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Objective of this research
• Replicate Putnam’s study as closely as possible in the European context.
• Improving the measurement. • Further disentangle the effect of ethnic diversity
in the neighborhood by including the ethnic diversity of direct neighbors.
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Diversity and Trust
• Societies are becoming more and more ethnically heterogeneous;
• Social capital (of which trust is a part) is generally assumed (and found) to have positive effects.
• There is a public debate about the role of ethnic minorities in social cohesion;
• Hence, the question if and how ethnic diversity affects trust is an important one.
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Contact and conflict theory• Contact theory: more diversity, more inter-ethnic
tolerance.• Conflict theory: diversity fosters out-group
distrust and in-group solidarity.• Putnam: constrict theory: ethnic diversity
reduces both in-group and out-group trust.
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
‘Constrict theory’
• Implicit argument:
social context more ethnically diverse More people ‘unlike’ you Less people to identify with ‘Hunker’ down, less trust.
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Ethnic Diversity Trust
• Perhaps in Europe relation different, due to better welfare state, less inequality?
• Putnam: in US, effect is short term.• US = ‘old’ immigration country, Europe rather
‘new’.• If effect is short term, we certainly expect to find it
in the European context.
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Hypotheses (1/3)
H1 ‘Ethnic diversity in the neighborhood negatively affects individual social trust, both for immigrant and native residents, independently of the ethnic diversity of ego’s neighbors.’
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Neighbors Diversity Trust
• If effect neighborhood diversity trust exists, an effect of the ethnicity of the direct neighbors on trust is also likely.
• Diversity of the neighbours is a sub-neighborhood level of measurement, less abstract than the neighborhood level.
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Hypotheses (2/3)
H2 ‘Having neighbors that are ethnically different negatively affects individual social trust, both for immigrant and native residents, independently of the ethnic diversity of the neighborhood.’
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Neighborhood diversityDiversity neighbors
• It is likely that diversity in the neighborhood affects the diversity of direct neigbors
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Hypotheses (3/3)
H3 ‘Ethnic diversity in the neighborhood increases the likelihood of having neighbors that are ethnically different.’
• If H2 and H3 are confirmed, ethnic diversity can have an indirect effect on trust, even if H1 is rejected.
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Conceptual model
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Measurement: Data
• Data for the Netherlands• Individual level: SPVA 1998 (Social Position and
Facilities Use of Ethnic Minorities). • Zip code level and municipality level: Central
Bureau of Statistics, the Netherlands.• Matching four digit zip code of respondent with
neighborhood as defined by CBS.
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Trust: three DV’s
• Scale ‘trust in neighbours’ (containing 8 items on the quality and frequency of contact with the neighbors)
• Scale ’trust in neighborhood’. (containing 4 items on the quality and frequency of contact with the neighbors)
• Scale inter-ethnic trust. (Containing two items on opinion on ethnic background of partner and friends of children)
• Psychometric characteristics of scales are the same for the five ethnic groups.
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
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H = -( Ei2)
n
i=1
Herfindahl Index of Ethnic Diversity
•Where Ei is the fraction of ethnic group i in the
neighbourhood population, and n is the number of ethnic groups.•In a neighbourhood with two ethnic groups of both 50%, H= -(0.52 +0.52)=-0.50.•Last, index is standardized in range -1 till 0.
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Results: 13 municipalities
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
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Trust in neighbors
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
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Trust in neighbors(Continued)
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
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Inter-ethnic trust
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
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Inter-ethnic trust (continued)
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
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Ethnic diversity of the neighbors
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
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Ethnic diversity of the neighbors(Continued)
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Summary (1/2)
• Ethnic diversity in the neighborhood also in an European context negatively affects trust in neighbors/neighborhood
• Ethnic diversity of the neighbors neg. affects trust.
• Ethnic diversity does not affect inter-ethnic trust• The above is not different for immigrant and
native residents.
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Summary (2/2)
• Ethnic diversity partly explains likelihood of neighbors being ethnically different: immigrants live more often next to someone that is ethnically different.
• For the native Dutch: diversity does increase the likelihood of neighbors being ethnically different
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Department of Political and Social Sciences
Discussion
• Distinguishing in different types of trust is useful, it yields different results.
• Different results for different types of trust may hint at language diversity in the neighborhood as alternative explanan of trust.
• Policies promoting ethnically diverse neighborhoods might result in less trust in the neighborhood.
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