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Composition, Microstructure,Properties ,Applications & Advanced
techniques of Dental ceramics
ByMohamed Mahmoud Abdul-Monem
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Dental ceramics
An inorganic compound with non-metallic properties typically consisting of oxygen and one or more metallic or semi-metallic elements(e.g Al,Ca,Li,Mg,K,Si,Na,Sn,Ti,Zr)
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Dental ceramics• Predominantly glass• Particle filled glasses• Polycrystalline ceramics
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Predominantly glass ceramics
Composition • Glass-based systems are made from materials
that contain mainly silicon dioxide (also known as silica or quartz), which contain various amounts of alumina.
• Aluminosilicates found in nature, which contain various amounts of potassium and sodium, are known as feldspars. Feldspars are modified in various ways to create the glass used in dentistry.
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Predominantly glass ceramics
Microstructure
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Microstructure of glass ceramics
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Predominantly glass ceramics
Properties• Mimic the optical properties of Enamel and
Dentin.• Resistant to crystallization (devitrification) .• Brittle.• Biocompatible.
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Predominantly glass ceramics
Applications• Veneers• Inlays• Onlays• Veneers for ceramic substructures(alumina
and zirconia cores)
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Particle filled glasses
• Moderately filled glasses• Highly filled glasses
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Particle filled glassesComposition
• Filler particles are added to the base glass composition to improve mechanical properties and to control optical effects such as opalescence, color, and opacity.
• These fillers are usually crystalline but can also be particles of a higher melting glass.
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Particle filled glasses
Moderately filled glasses • Leucite (17-25%)• Leucite is potassium aluminium silicate
kAlSi2O6
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Particle filled glassesLeucite filled glassMicrostructure
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Moderately filled glassProperties
• Increased mechanical properties• Leucite increase the COTE (used for PFMs)• leucite was chosen because its index of refraction
is close to that of feldspathic glasses, an important match for maintaining some translucency.
• leucite etches at a much faster rate than the base glass, and it is this ‘‘selective etching’’ that creates a myriad of tiny features for resin cements to enter, creating a good micromechanical bond.
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Moderately filled glass
Applications• Veneers for metal substructures(PFM)• Inlays • Onlays• Veneers
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Highly filled glass ceramics
• Strength increases can also be achieved with appropriate fillers added and uniformly dispersed throughout the glass, a technique termed ‘‘dispersion strengthening.’’
• The first successful strengthened substructure ceramic was made of feldspathic glass filled with particles of aluminum oxide (55 mass%) .
• Leucite also is used for dispersion strengthening at concentrations of (40 to 55 mass%), which is much higher than needed for metal-ceramics.
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Highly filled glass ceramicsComposition Uses
Feldspathic glass +Leucite (40-55%)
Pressable ceramics
Single unit crownsInlays
Onlays Veneers
Feldspathic glass +Aluminium oxide (55%)
Single unit crowns
Lanthanum glass+Aluminium oxide (70% vol )
In-Ceram alumina
Single unit crowns3-Unit anterior bridges
Aluminoborosilicate glass+Zirconium oxide (20% vol)+aluminium oxide (50%
vol)
In-Ceram Zirconia
Single unit crowns3-unit bridges
Lithium disilicate (70%) Pressable ceramics
Single unit crowns3-Unit anterior bridges
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Pressable ceramics containing Leucite
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In Ceram Alumina
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Lithium disilicate glass(IPS Empress II)
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Polycrystalline Ceramics
Composition• Have no glassy component• All of the atoms are densely packed into
regular arrays that are much more difficult to drive a crack through than atoms in the less dense and irregular network found in glasses.
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Polycrystalline ceramicsMicrostructure
Aluminium oxide
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Microstructure
Zirconium oxide
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Polycrystalline ceramics
Properties• Tougher and stronger than glass ceramics• More difficult to process into complex shapes • Opaque
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Polycrystalline ceramics
Applications
Aluminum oxide Single unit crowns
Zirconium oxide Single unit crowns3-unit bridges4-Unit bridges
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Techniques of dental porcelain fabrication
• Conventional condensation and sintering• Pressure molding and sintering • Casting and ceramming• Slip-casting and glass infiltration
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Conventional condesation and sintering PFM
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Conventional condensation and sintering ALL CERAMIC (platinum foil matrix 0.001 inch)
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Pressure molding and sintering
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Pressure molding and sintering
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Casting and ceramming
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Slip-casting and glass infiltration
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Slip cast ceramics
• Alumina based (In ceram Alumina)• Spinell based (In ceram spinell) Magnesium
spinell MgAl204 • Zirconia-based (In ceram zirconia)
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Advanced techniques for porcelain fabrication
• Machining and Milling (CAD-CAM)
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Copy milling(Celay system)
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References • R Giordano and E A. McLaren. Ceramics
Overview: Classification by Microstructure and Processing Methods. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry.2013
• J R Kelly, P Benetti . Ceramic materials in dentistry: Historical evolution and current practice . Australian Dental Journal .2011;56:84-96
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Thank you