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www.worldbank.org/water | www.blogs.worldbank.org/water | @WorldBankWater
Delivering Water for
Agriculture Services: What Niche for the Smallholder Farmer
in Sub-Saharan Africa?Prof Bancy M. Mati
Director, Water Research and
Resource Center (WARREC),
Jomo Kenyatta University of
Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT)
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In Africa, rainfall is usually unreliable
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Floods in Mramvya, Burundi
Dried up water pan in Magadi, Kenya
Livestock deaths from drought in Wajir, Kenya
Crops wither from shortage of rainfall
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Infrastructure failures are scattered throughout
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Examples• Breach of embankments• Dams/pans silt too soon• Pollution of water
storages• Dry boreholes• Abandoned pumps and
gensets• Water deficits/inadequate
design
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Climate Impacts - Mt. Kilimanjaro losing its ice cap
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Satellite image comparing Mount Kilimanjaro’s glaciers between 1976 and 2006
Since 1912, the ice caps on Mt. Kilimanjaro have decreased by between 50 to
80%
Photo by B. Mati, 31st May 2010
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The Disconnect – Conventional water lifting devices are
rudimentary
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Conventional pumps include:o Manual buckets for water liftingo Rope & washer pumps (manual)o Hand pumps e.g. Indian Mark-II o Treadle pumps (manual) for
irrigationo Motorized petrol or diesel pumpso Diesel or petrol submergible pumpso Electric pumps powered from grid
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The Disconnect – Wasteful water application methods
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Photos by B. Mati
Over-irrigation
Basin irrigation
Flood irrigation Hosing wastes water
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Rainwater harvesting is a huge opportunity
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Why Rainwater harvesting?Because 93% of all agricultural
lands in Africa are rainfed
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Some improvements to traditional systems – but
is this enough?
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Photos by B. Mati
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Towards delivering water
for smallholder agriculture
in Sub-Saharan Africa
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Water in agriculture has multifaceted components
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Conveyance
Application
Soil Moisture
Conservation
Abstraction
Storage
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Rainwater Harvesting & Group-scale storage (pans)
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Water pan for community use
(domestic livestock, irrigation) Vegetables grown using water from
a water pan by a women group
Photos by Bancy Mati
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Kitchen Gardens taken to scale – nutrition and women’s niches
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A key-hole garden in Turkana
Wick irrigation garden
Bag garden in Nairobi
Sunken beds in Marsabit
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Example of Walda Irrigation Scheme, Marsabit, Kenya
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• Good and durable solar pumps are now available heavy duty work.
• Example; Walda Irrigation Scheme in Marsabit County, has solar pumping of 4 boreholes for irrigation on 60 ha land to grow high value crops.
• The scheme settled former pastoralists who are now cultivators, showing the great potential to convert the arid lands of Kenya into breadbaskets
Solar pumping at Walda Irrigation
Scheme-Marsabit (Hybrid system)
Water stored in a lagoon. Diesel
booster pump used for distributionVegetables under drip irrigation
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Smart Technologies - Making every drop count!
Using drones for tracking crop stressors by farmers
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• Drones with IR & NIR mounted cameras are used to capture real time imagery on small farms.
• Data is downscaled and sold to farmers (about US$.2/acre)
• The imagery can “see” crop problems 10 days ahead of human eye
• Over 1,200 farmers have registered as “clients” for this service in Meru, Kenya
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Solar powered pumps – Simpler, smaller, smarter
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Solar powered surface solar pump
Solar powered submersible pump
Small pocket-size solar
powered pump
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Micro-catchment Rainwater harvesting systems
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Zai pits (tassa)
Half-moon (semi-circular) bunds
Photos courtesy of Poda, J.N. CNRST, Burkina Faso
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Soil and water conservation structures –
conserving every drop where it falls
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Radical terraces in Gichumbi, Rwanda
Stone wall terraces in Ankober, Ethiopia
Scour checks in Nyanza, Rwanda
Cutoff drain in Kabale, Uganda
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Integrating fisheries in irrigated agriculture
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Fish ponds within irrigated rice fields at Zomba, Malawi
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Addressing information disconnect – Hands-on
demonstration
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Planning to provide water for multiple uses
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Domestic water supplies closer to communities
Livestock drinking water
Hygiene e.g. bathing, washing clothes
Supplemental irrigation of crops
Environment & hygiene
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So… What Africa’s Smallholder Farmers Need
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EnablersMoving forward - Enablers
Improve access to credit
Food and nutrition security
Building partnerships for financing, marketing
Smart Financing with co-investment by private entities
Water productivity (income per drop) increased production and improved value chains
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The Way Forward
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Policy – Government support for access to water for agriculture
Funding – Innovative financing is facilitative, not exploitative
Partnerships – Enhance value chains of farming enterprises
Technologies – Efficient, sustainable, and affordable
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www.worldbank.org/water | www.blogs.worldbank.org/water | @WorldBankWater
Thank You
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