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Land Community Transportation ion
Students Waste Water Buildings Energy
Deep retrofits: You get what you pay for
Leslie Kramer, Stanford University and Jonathan Schoenfeld, kW Engineering
June 17, 2014
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Whole Building Energy Retrofit Program
• Deep retrofits in highest energy using buildings on campus
• Maximizes energy savings in each building within cost-effectiveness criteria
• Looks at a package of measures: no cream skimming
• Big payoffs from in-depth energy audit, advanced control strategies, and relentless performance testing.
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WBERP Process
Supplemental and Pre-
Construction Studies
Construction Commissioning
Phase 1&2
Studies
Bid Docum
ents
Construction
& Commissionin
g Suppor
t
M&V Report
Consulting Engineers
Contractors
Review
Studies
Construction
and Commissioni
ng Suppo
rt
1st Year
Tuning and
Monitoring
Persistence
Tracking
Achieve ROI
Stanford Team
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• Savings of $3.5 million per year to date• Total cost $14.6 million to date• PG&E rebates of $2 million• Overall simple payback period under 4 years
Results
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Case Study: Packard
• $400,000/year energy cost• 3 stories and a basement• Faculty and grad student offices
and dry labs• Built in 2000• Chilled water, steam and electricity
from Stanford’s central plant• 122,500 gross square feet• 4 Air Handlers, 212 VAV boxes• 12 fan coils for additional cooling• VAV boxes controlled by pneumatic thermostats• DDC control of air handlers
INITIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS: NOT BAD!
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Energy Audit Process
ASHRAE Level I Rough savings estimates Go/No-Go decision for measure
analysis
Level II (Measure Analysis) Limited trend review Calibrated eQUEST Model
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Elec
tric
ity U
sage
(kW
h) Billing Data
Model Output
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Audit Findings No-cost Measures
Increase zone setpoints for unoccupied rooms Schedule how water pumps
Low-cost Measures Daylighting controls Eliminate air handler heating coil operation
when economizing Zone Level DDC Conversion
Deadband thermostats Pressure and Supply Air Temperature Resets Zone scheduling and override
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Zone Level DDC Implementation Options
Design-Bid-Build Develop request for proposal (RFP) for design Develop design documents Bid construction
Design-Build Develop RFP Bid design-construction
Design-Assist with Performance Specification Energy consultant develops performance specification Bid design-construction
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Performance Specification Development
• Input from Multiple Parties– Stanford Facilities Energy
Management Team– Stanford Energy Management
& Control Systems (EMCS)– ACCO & Sunbelt Controls – kW Engineering
• Key Contents:– Equipment specifications– Hardware installation including
control hardware locations and
wiring pathways – System integration– System architecture & control
schematics– Sequence of operations
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Basis of Energy Savings
VAV box w/ New DDC controls Existing Air Handling Unit (AHU)
Cooling, Heating, Damper RequestsAirflows
Supply air temp. (SAT) and duct static pressure (DSP) setpoints
Schedule & Setpoints
SAT & Status
Existing DeltaV Control System
• New DDC Thermostats with 4°F deadband• Improved scheduling with standby mode• DSP & SAT reset• Global zone setpoint control for curtailment
Energy Savings
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Ensuring Persistence of Performance
• Fully programmable controllers• NiagaraAX Framework• Distech Controls• Spare I/O & controller memory
Flexibility & Future Growth
• Floor level maps color coded by temp./damper
• Zone summaries in tabular format• Intelligent alarming• Quality components
Diagnostics
• Submittal review• Detailed functional testing of 10% sample• 72 hour trend review of additional sample• 3rd party Cx Agent
Commissioning
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Commissioning Findings (UPDATE Graphic)
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Verified Energy Savings
y = 3.9185x + 624.05R² = 0.9699
y = 2.2642x + 536.56R² = 0.9641
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
0 100 200 300 400
Chill
ed W
ater
Usa
ge(t
on-h
rs/d
ay)
Cooling Degree Days (CDD)
Baseline
Post-Retrofit
Figure 3: Relationship between chilled water usage data and CDD
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Verified Energy Savings
y = 41.46x + 8864.7R² = 0.9635
y = 40.001x + 1782.2R² = 0.9881
02,0004,0006,0008,000
10,00012,00014,00016,00018,00020,000
0 50 100 150 200 250
Stea
m U
sage
(lbs/
day)
Heating Degree Days (HDD)
Baseline
Post-Retrofit
Figure 4: Relationship between steam usage data and HDD
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Verified Energy Savings
Annual Energy and Cost Savings Project Payback
Electricity Savings (kWh)
Chilled Water Savings (ton-hrs)
Steam Savings (lbs.)
Total Cost Savings Measure Cost Utility
Incentive Simple
Payback (yr)
273,663 134,415 3,359,064 132,569$ 625,514$ 43,455$ 4.4
Verified (Post-Retrofit)
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Efficiency Measures Still Available
50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0
12 AM 3 AM 6 AM 9 AM 12 PM 3 PM 6 PM 9 PM 12 AM
Tem
pera
ture
(F)
Time of Day
Normal Day
Cooling Setpoint Heating Setpoint Zone Setpoint
• Global temperature adjustment
• Occupancy based scheduling
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Take-Aways
• Private, not-for -profit institution
• 8,500 acres• Oldest buildings from
1890s• Santa Clara County is
the main jurisdiction• >14 million square
feet, 700 buildings• ~$70 million annual
utilities spend
• Deeper savings require a comprehensive approach
• Even relatively new buildings may have out-of-date control systems that are wasting energy
• A detailed specification ensures maintenance and energy savings persist
• Consider using energy-experts with input from all parties to specify, commission and verify control systems
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