Download - Day 6 GHSGT Review Energy Transformations. Transfer of Energy Heat is transferred three ways…
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Day 6GHSGT Review
Energy Transformations
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Transfer of Energy
Heat is transferred three ways…
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Conductionthe movement of heat
energy through a substance by direct contact between the
particlesEx. – a candle heats one end of a metal rod and the other end gets hot because
of the transfer of heat
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Convectionthe transfer of heat
energy by the actual movement (or currents)
of heated matterEx. – The water in the
bottom of a teapot becomes hot creating
currents which carry heat upward
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Radiationtransfer of heat energy by waves from an area of high temperature to
an area of low temperature
Ex. – Heat from a space heater, fireplace, or the sun
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is the spontaneous release of energy and particles from
the nucleus of an atom.
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ISOTOPES
Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons.
Ex: carbon-12 & carbon-14 Carbon-12
6 protons 6 neutrons 6 electrons
Carbon-14 6 protons 8 neutrons 6 electrons
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The nucleus of an atom can be unstable is there are too many
neutrons for the number of protons. An unstable nucleus
will be radioactive.
All elements with an atomic number greater than 83 are radioactive
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3 Types of RadioactivityRadioactive Decay
ALPHA PARTICLE (α)
BETA PARTICLE (β)
GAMMA RAYS (γ)
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ALPHA PARTICLE2 protons & 2 neutronsnucleus of a helium atomweakest type of radiationcan be stopped by a piece of paper12 inches max. distance travel
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What happens to the numbers of particles in the nucleus after alpha decay?
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BETA PARTICLE
an electron emitted from the nucleus A neutron splits into a proton & electron The electron is expelled out of the nucleus The proton stays and increases the number of protons
by one. The atomic number of the element increases by one The element changes into the next higher element on
the periodic table. 100x stronger than an alpha particle
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What happens to the numbers of particles in the nucleus after beta decay?
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Gamma Rays
An electromagnetic waveA packet of energyThe energy readjustment in the nucleusMost powerful form of radiationThe sun is a great source of gamma radiation
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Gamma Ray Photography From Space
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Antoine Henri Becquerel
In 1896, radioactivity was first discovered.
Used uranium salts = placed them near a photographic film plate.
exposed the film (below)Awarded Nobel Prize in
1903 in Physics
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Pierre & Marie Curie (1898)
Discover the radioactive properties of radium & polonium Together awarded the Nobel Prize in 1903 (physics) along
with Henri Becquerel Marie is award a second Nobel Prize in 1911 (chemistry) Pierre is killed in an accident in 1906, Marie continues
working with radioactive substances.
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Transmutation
= changes from one element to another element during α and β decay.
Alpha Decay = mass number decreases by 4 and the atomic number decreases by 2
Beta Decay = mass number does not change and the atomic number increases by 1
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Alpha Decay
Uranium-238 has 92 protons
After alpha decay (2 protons & 2 neutrons leave the nucleus)
Becomes Thorium-234 and has 90 protons
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Beta Decay
Carbon-14 has 6 protons & 8 neutrons
After beta decay (a neutron is split into a proton and electron
& the electron is expelled from the nucleus)
Becomes Nitrogen-14 and has 7 protons and 7 neutrons
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Half Life
= the time it takes for one half of the mass of a radioactive substance to decay.Ex: carbon-14 = 5730 years
100 gram sample – In 5730 yrs = 50 grams C-14 & 50 grams N-14– In11,460 yrs = 25 grams C-14 & 75 grams N-14– In 17,190 yrs = 12.5 grams C-14 & 87.5 grams N-14
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The Decay of Strontium-90
Number of half-lives
Elapsed Time Amount of strontium-90
present
0 0 10.0 g
1 29 years 5.0 g
2 58 years ?
? ? .625g
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Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
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Nuclear Fission
= the splitting of the nucleus into two smaller nuclei
Neutrons are used to split the nucleusAdditional neutrons are released to continue on
to hit/split other nuclei
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Chain Reactions
Critical Mass (required) = concentration of radioactive atoms in a sample.Controlled Chain Reaction = many of the neutrons
that are produced are absorbed in “control rods” prevent excess energy to be released.
Ex. Nuclear Power Plants
Uncontrolled Chain Reaction = all the neutrons are allowed to continue to hit/split other nuclei causing massive amounts of energy to be released all at once.Ex. Atomic Bomb (used on Japan in 1945)
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Controlled Chain Reaction
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Uncontrolled Chain Reaction
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Nuclear Fusion
= the joining of two smaller nuclei into a single larger nucleus
Extremely more powerful release of energy than fission
Requires a temperature of 10 million degrees Celsius
Also known as a thermonuclear reactionex: H-bomb and the sun/stars
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Fusion Explosions
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World War Breaks out in Europe in 1939
Szilard drafted a letter in consultation with Albert Einstein that was addressed from Einstein to President F.D. Roosevelt and which warned him of the possibility of nuclear weapons (the "Einstein Letter").
This letter was delivered to FDR on October 11, 1939, and ten days later the first meeting of the Advisory Committee on Uranium (the "Briggs Uranium Committee") was held in Washington, DC on Pres. Roosevelt's order.
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“The Gadget”
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Code Name = Trinity
July 16, 1945 - At 5:29:45 a.m. “The Gadget” was detonated in the first atomic explosion in history. The explosive yield was 20-22 Kt, vaporizing the steel tower.
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August 6, 1945
“Little Boy” is used on Hiroshima, Japan
Dropped from the B-29 bomber named “The Enola Gay”
5 mile circle of destructionest. 78,000 killed & 70,000
injured
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August 9, 1945
“Fat Man” is used on Nagasaki, Japan
2 mile circle of destruction
40,000 killed & 25,000 injured
Japan unconditionally surrenders a few days later & WWII is officially over
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Further Nuclear Developments
August 1949 = Soviet Union tests their first atomic bomb after spies deliver US secret bomb blue-prints
November 1952 = United States the first Hydrogen bomb (H-bomb) 10 MT in strength, USSR tests their first H-bomb in Aug. 1953
Other Atomic weapons countries include Great Britain, China, France, India, Pakistan, and possibly Israel. North Korea and Iran are currently in the news for seeking nuclear capabilities.
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