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David Stone, IPILPS Workshop
ANSTO 18-22 April 2005
Diurnal Cycle Observations of Stable Water Isotopes in the
Biosphere
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IPILPS: isotopes at the land surfaceIPILPS: isotopes at the land surface
Scientific HypothesisObservation and analysis of the diurnal fluxes of H2
18O and HDO between the soil, plants and atmosphere can accurately determine the partitioning of precipitation into transpiration, evaporation and total runoff.
MethodThree ecosystems were selected as study areas
Tropical forest, such as the Amazon Basin, Sth America
Cool, humid temperate forest, such as Central Europe, or Nth America
Warm, dry temperate forest, such as SE Australia
Exploit stable water isotopes H218O and HDO to investigate the hypothesis.
Observations would be required at Tumbarumba
Field data expected to be available for the Amazon, Europe and America
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IPILPS Stable Isotope data needsIPILPS Stable Isotope data needs Data expected to be available include
precipitation atmospheric vapour plant (stem and leaf) water soilwater groundwater ( not expected to vary significantly) riverwater
The data will be used within IPILPS to evaluate isotope enabled LSS output:
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Overview of presentationOverview of presentation
• Expected ranges of values the precipitation input at the three ecosystems vapour<stem<leaf order of enrichment
• Data sets examined Amazon; Manaus, Santarem and Trinidad Central Europe; Munich, other German sites North America; temperate and semi-arid others
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THE WATER CYCLE
Variation in del 18O (‰)
O18
O18
Leafwater 3 to10 ‰
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GMW
L
LEL
Local vapour
Root zone water= stem water
= transpired water
Surface water
Surface evaporate
rainwater
9-10 ‰9-10 ‰
Expected isotope ratios for SE Australia (Tumbarumba)Expected isotope ratios for SE Australia (Tumbarumba)
9-10 ‰9-10 ‰
LeavesLeaves
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Vapor Samples, ANSTO, 8 Dec 2004
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
del O-18
heig
ht
(m)
10am, 25C
5pm, 20CMean rainfallMean rainfall
10 ‰ depletion10 ‰ depletion
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Precipitation Input Signal; 3 sitesPrecipitation Input Signal; 3 sites
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Munich Vapour and PrecipitationMunich Vapour and Precipitation
Vapour and precipitation lie along a single MWLVapour and precipitation lie along a single MWL
data source: W. Stichler, unpublished
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Munich; vapour/precipitation equilibriumMunich; vapour/precipitation equilibrium
Regression; r2 = 0.7
Delta 18O(p-v) = 8.5 ‰
Regression; r2 = 0.7
Delta 18O(p-v) = 8.5 ‰
data source: W. Stichler, unpublished
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IPILPS data requirements and sourcesIPILPS data requirements and sources
• Water isotopologues del H2
18O and 1H2H16O (‰) both desired
• Comparison of LSS By output, and against real data
• Real field data required at appropriate time scales, monthly, daily, hourly
• Prefer data at diurnal timescale• BASIN database; (Ehleringer), Americas• CarboEuroflux; (various), Europe
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Data collection methodsData collection methods
• Towers fitted with tubing for cryogenic vapour trapping, water kept frozen
• Soil and Leaf samples sealed in exetainers; distilled cryogenically before analysis
• del D and del O-18 performed by IR-MS
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Tropical Rainforest data; Manaus, AmazonTropical Rainforest data; Manaus, Amazon
LBA BASIN sites
LBA BASIN sites
ManausManaus
SantaremSantarem
TrinidadTrinidad
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10‰ enrichment10‰ enrichment
data source: Matsui et al,1983, Acta Amazonica, 13, 307-68
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0
10
20
30
-20 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 2018 O
Hei
ght(
m)
Leaf water Stem water
Manaus Forest - Mar 99
10.4 ‰ average enrichment10.4 ‰ average enrichment
amam pmpm
0
10
20
30
40
50
-20 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 2018 O
Hei
ght (m
)
Leaf water Stem water Water vapour
Manaus Forest - May 99Data source: LBAdatabase (Ometto); submitted for publication
Canopy Leaves enrichedCanopy Leaves enriched
Understory Leaves less enrichedUnderstory Leaves less enriched
Enrichment increases during dayEnrichment increases during day
11 ‰11 ‰
9 ‰9 ‰
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0
10
20
30
40
50
-20 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 2018 O
Heig
ht (m
)
Leaf water Stem water Water vapour
Manaus Forest - May 99
0
10
20
30
40
50
-20 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20
18 O
Heig
ht (m
)
Leaf water Stem water Water vapour
Manaus Forest - Oct 99
9 ‰9 ‰
11 ‰11 ‰
Data source: LBA (Ometto); unpublished
Dry season vapour, leaf and stem water more enrichedDry season vapour, leaf and stem water more enriched
7 ‰7 ‰11 ‰11 ‰
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0
10
20
30
40
50
-20 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20
18 O
Hei
ght (m
)
Leaf water Stem water Water vapour Understory Leaf Water
Manaus Forest - Feb. 00
0
10
20
30
-20 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 2018 O
Hei
ght(
m)
Leaf water Stem water
Manaus Forest - Mar 99
12- 14 ‰12- 14 ‰
6 ‰6 ‰
Data source: LBA (Ometto); unpublished
Inter-annual differences possible?Inter-annual differences possible?
Much less leaf enrichment than in previous year
Much less leaf enrichment than in previous year
11 ‰11 ‰
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 2018 O
Hei
ght (m
)
Leaf water Stem water Water vapour
Santarem Forest - May 99
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
18 O
Hei
ght (m
)
Leaf water Stem water
Santarem Forest - Mar 99
10- 12 ‰10- 12 ‰
8 ‰8 ‰
Data source: LBA (Ometto); unpublished
8 ‰8 ‰
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
18 O
Heig
ht (m
)
Leaf water Stem water Water vapour Leaf understory
Santarem Forest - Feb 00
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
18 O
Hei
ght (m
)
Leaf water Stem water Water vapour
Santarem Forest - Oct 99
10- 13 ‰10- 13 ‰
5 ‰5 ‰
Data source: LBA (Ometto); unpublished
10 ‰10 ‰
9 ‰9 ‰ Much less leaf enrichment than in previous year
Much less leaf enrichment than in previous year
Dry season vapour, leaf and stem water more enrichedDry season vapour, leaf and stem water more enriched
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0
10
20
30
40
50
-20 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 2018 O
Hei
ght (m
)
900A 1050A 1210P 155P 250P
Manaus Forest water vapor - J un_00
0
10
20
30
-20 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 2018 O
Heig
ht (m
)
Leaf water Stem water
Manaus Forest - J un_00
Data source: LBA (Ometto); unpublished
Vapour less enriched mid-morning, but more enriched in afternoon
Vapour less enriched mid-morning, but more enriched in afternoon
5 ‰ difference in canopy5 ‰ difference in canopy
12 ‰12 ‰
8 ‰8 ‰
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0
10
20
30
40
50
-20 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 2018 O
Hei
ght (m
)
1100A 1225P 1325P 200P
Santarem Forest water vapor - J un_00
0
10
20
30
40
50
-20 -16 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20
18 O
Heig
ht (m
)
Leaf water Liana_leaves Liana_stem Stem water
Santarem Forest - J un_00Data source: LBA (Ometto); unpublished
Vapour more enriched midday, but less enriched in afternoon
Vapour more enriched midday, but less enriched in afternoon
5-10 ‰ difference in canopy5-10 ‰ difference in canopy
12 ‰12 ‰
8 ‰8 ‰
small difference between vapour and stems!!
small difference between vapour and stems!!
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-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800time
del O
-18
0.2 metres
22 metres
42 metres
Manaus Forest - J un_00
-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800time
del O
-18
0.2 metres
21 metres
45 metres
Santarem Forest - J un_00
Amazon Forest Vapour daytime variation, June 2000Amazon Forest Vapour daytime variation, June 2000
Data source: LBA (Ometto); unpublished
Vapour more enriched midday, but less enriched in afternoonVapour more enriched midday, but less enriched in afternoon
Vapour less enriched mid-morning, but more enriched in afternoonVapour less enriched mid-morning, but more enriched in afternoon
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Data source: Leo Sternberg, IAEA 2004Data source: Leo Sternberg, IAEA 2004
Amazon Forest Vapour Keeling Plot analysis, June 1995Amazon Forest Vapour Keeling Plot analysis, June 1995
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Data source: Leo Sternberg, IAEA 2004Data source: Leo Sternberg, IAEA 2004
Amazon Forest Vapour Keeling Plot analysis, May - Dec 1995Amazon Forest Vapour Keeling Plot analysis, May - Dec 1995
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Diurnal leaf vapour and water del 18-O, Trinidad; Aug 1995
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00
time of day
del 1
8-O
transpired vapour day 1
transpired vapour day 2
leaf water (day 1)
leaf water (day 2)
Atmos Vapour (day 1)
Atmos Vapour (day 2)
Poly. (transpired vapourday 1)Poly. (leaf water (day 1))
Poly. (Atmos Vapour(day 1))
data source: Harwood et al. 1998, Plant, Cell, And Environment 21:269-283
Average precip, calcAverage precip, calc
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ConclusionsConclusions
• AmazonLeaf enrichment increases during day
Canopy Leaves enriched, understory much less so
Stem water enriches slightly in dry season
Dry season vapour, leaf & stem water more enriched
Vapour<Stem<Leaf enrichment close to optimum
Keeling plot analysis, 18O, indicates transpiration
predominant flux of return vapour to atmosphere
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Cool Temperate; Munich, GermanyCool Temperate; Munich, Germany
CarboEuroFlux sitesCarboEuroFlux sites
Jena and DresdenJena and Dresden
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data source: W. Stichler, unpublished
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data source: W. Stichler, unpublished
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data source: W. Stichler, unpublished
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Munich Vapour and PrecipitationMunich Vapour and Precipitation
data source: W. Stichler, unpublished
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Hainich Germany, Beech Forest (2001-2, Euro)
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36 0:00
time of day
del 1
8-O
Soil water
Stem water
Leaf water
Roots
Litter
data source: website: CARBOEUROFLUX
Average precip, calc
Leaf water depletes overnightLeaf water depletes overnight
Samples taken in evening 19:00-23:00Samples taken in evening 19:00-23:00
Stem and soilwater: little variationStem and soilwater: little variation
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Hainich (Jena) Germany, Beech Forest (Jul-Aug 2001)
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
19/04/01 28/07/01 5/11/01 13/02/02 24/05/02 1/09/02 10/12/02date
del 1
8-O
Soil water
Stem water
Leaf water
Roots
Litter
data source: website: CARBOEUROFLUX
Average precip, calc
Leaf water depletes summer to winterLeaf water depletes summer to winter
Stem and soilwater show little variationStem and soilwater show little variation
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Tharandt (Dresden) Germany, Beech Forest (Jul-Aug 2001)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
8/06/01 28/07/01 16/09/01 5/11/01 25/12/01 13/02/02 4/04/02 24/05/02 13/07/02 1/09/02 21/10/02 10/12/02
date
del 1
8-O
Soil water
Stem water
Leaf water
data source: website: CARBOEUROFLUX
Average precip, calc
Leaf water depletes summer to winterLeaf water depletes summer to winter
Stem and soilwater show little variationStem and soilwater show little variation
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Cool Temperate; Ottawa and OregonCool Temperate; Ottawa and OregonBASIN sitesBASIN sites
Oregon sitesOregon sitesOttawaOttawa
OklahomaOklahoma
ArizonaArizona
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Ottawa Pine Forest, Flanagan 1993; Stem and Leaf
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00
time of day
del 1
8-O
Leafwater
StemWater
data source: Flanagan, L.B. and Varney, G.T. 1995, Oecologia 101:37-44
10 ‰ enrichment10 ‰ enrichment
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Oregon Pine forest, (Cascade), mid-canopy vapour, Aug 1997
-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00
time of day
de
l 18
-O
VapourLeafwaterStemWaterSoilwaterPoly. (Vapour)Poly. (Leafwater)
data source: D. Bowling unpublished observations
Average precip, calcAverage precip, calc
Leafwater enriched during daytimeLeafwater enriched during daytime
10 ‰ enrichment10 ‰ enrichment
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Oregon Pine forest (Metolius), mid-canopy vapour; Aug 1997
-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00
time of day
del
18-
O
VapourLeafwaterStemWaterSoilwaterPoly. (Vapour)Poly. (Leafwater)
Source: D. Bowling et al., 2002. Oecologia 131:113-124 and unpublished observations
latitude: 44° 30´ Nlongitude:121° 37´ Welevation: 941 m
Average precip, calcAverage precip, calc
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Oregon (Sisters) Pine forest, mid-canopy vapour; Aug 1997
-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00
time of day
del
18-O
VapourLeafwaterStemWaterSoilwaterPoly. (Vapour)Poly. (Leafwater)
data source:D. Bowling unpublished observations
latitude: 44° 18´ Nlongitude:121° 20´ Welevation: 930 mAverage precip, calcAverage precip, calc
Shallow soilwaterShallow soilwater
deeper soilwaterdeeper soilwater
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Oklahoma Prairie grass (2000, Riley etal)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
4-May-00 14-May-00 24-May-00 3-Jun-00 13-Jun-00 23-Jun-00 3-Jul-00 13-Jul-00 23-Jul-00 2-Aug-00
date
del
18-
O
Soil water
Stem water
Leaf water
Vapour
0-2.5cm
2.5-5cm
5-10cm
5-10cm
5-10cm
0-2.5cm
0-2.5cm
2.5-5cm
10-20cm
10-20cm
data source: Global Change Biology, (2003) 9, 1567-1581
Average precip, calcAverage precip, calc
13 ‰ enrichment13 ‰ enrichment
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ConclusionsConclusions
• EuropeLeaf enrichment decreases during evening (6-11pm)Stem, roots, soil and litter show small variations, but
little systematic seasonal changeVapour<Stem<Leaf enrichment less than optimum
• Humid North America Soilwater data have a large variationForest stem<leaf enrichment at optimum Grassland stem<leaf enrichment at optimumForest and Grassland vapour<stem enrichment less than
optimum ( Summer data only available)
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Warm Temperate - semi arid regions; Warm Temperate - semi arid regions; Israel, ArizonaIsrael, Arizona
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ISRAEL; expected del O-18, Vapour, Soil, Stem and Leaf (Yakir)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00
time of day
del 1
8-O
Leafwater
StemWater
Soilwater
Vapour
data source: Yakir and Sternberg, 2000, Oecologia, 123, 297-311
Average precipAverage precip
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Depletion during daytimeDepletion during daytime
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Keeling Plot: Tucson, Arizona del D; (9am -3pm), Sept 1997
y = -580.13x - 81.033
R2 = 0.8926
y = -412.01x - 98.501
R2 = 0.8661
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160
1/[H2O]
del
D
Understory
Whole ecosystem
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LELLEL
GMWL
GMWL
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ConclusionsConclusions
• Semi-arid Israel and North America Israel: vapour<stem<leaf enrichment at optimum
Arizona: vapour became depleted during the dayKeeling plot analysis, using both 2H and 18O
indicates transpiration predominant flux of return vapour to atmosphere
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