Download - data gathered in the aggregates
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CHAPTER III
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the result and the discussion of the data collected. All data
are presented and analyzed based on objectives stated.
Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregate
The study determined the physical properties of coarse aggregate in terms of
specific gravity, absorption, unit weight, soundness, abrasion loss, moisture content,
wash loss on No. 200 and clay lumps.
Specific gravity. Aggregate specific gravity is used in a number of applications including
Superpave mix design, deleterious particle indentification and separation, and material
property change identification.
Coarse Aggregates (Mainit River)
1.) wt. in air saturated surface dry (SSD) 3052.0
2.) wt. in air oven dry sample (OD) 2994.0
3.) wt. of sample in water (H2O) 1674.0
A. Specific Gravity, (DRY) = 2
2994 = 2.173
1-3 1378
B. Specific Gravity, (SSD) = 1 3052
= 2.215 1-3 1378
C. Specific Gravity, (Apparent) = 2 2994
= 2.268 2-3 1320
D. Absorption, % = 1-2
x 100 58 X 100 = 1.937 2 2994
Coarse Aggregates (Kalambis river)
1.) wt. in air saturated surface dry (SSD) 2843.0
2.) wt. in air oven dry sample (OD) 2797.0 3.) wt. of sample in water (H2O) 1495.0
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A. Specific Gravity, (DRY) =
2 2797
= 2.075
1-3 1348
B. Specific Gravity, (SSD) = 1
2843
= 2.109
1-3 1348
D. Specific Gravity, (Apparent) =
2 2797
= 2.148
2-3 1302
E. Absorption, % =
1-2 x 100
46 X 100 = 1.645
2 2797
Table 14 Test result on specific gravity of coase aggregates
Source of aggregate Specific gavity (DRY)
Specific gavity (SSD)
Specific gavity (Apparent)
Mainit river 2.173% 2.215% 2.268%
Kalambis river 2.075% 2.109% 2.148%
As shown in table 14, the values of specific gravity of coarse aggregate from Mainit
river is 2.173% (DRY), 2.215% (SSD) and 2.268% (Apparent). And the values of specific
gravity of coarse aggregate from Kalambis river is 2.075% (DRY), 2.109% (SSD) and
2.148% (Apparent). The typical value for specific gravity of natural coarse aggregate is
2.6%. There are no minimum or maximum specific gravity or absorption values in
Superpave mix design. Rather, specific gravity is an aggregate quality needed to make
required volume calculations.
Absorption:
Table 15 Test result on absorption of coarse aggregates
Source of aggregate Absorption
Mainit river 1.937%
Kalambis river 1.645%
As shown table 15, the values of absorption of coarse aggregate from Mainit river
is 1.937%. And the values of absorption of coarse aggregate from Kalambis river is
1.645%. Therefore, both of the sample of coarse aggregate is not highly absorptive (less
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than 5% absorption) and does not require more asphalt binder making the resulting hot
mix asphalt less expensive. Absorption requirements are of concern only regarding
aggregates used in hot mix asphalt and portland cement concrete. The intent is to avoid
using highly porous, absorptive aggregates because extra water and cement or asphalt
is needed to make a good mix.
Unit weight.The unit weight of aggregate affects the density of concrete and dead load of
structure.
Unit Weight (Mainit River)
Loose
A. Trial no. 1 2 3
B. Wt. of Mold + Sample 5.091 4.962 5.042
C. Wt. of Mold 1.125 1.125 1.125
D. Vol. of Mold 0.00296 0.00296 0.00296
E. Wt. of Sample 3.966 3.837 3.917
Ave : 3.907
Unit wt.=
wt. of sample
vol. of mold
3.907 = 1320 kg/m3
0.00296
Rooded
A. Trial no. 1 2 3
B. Wt. of Mold + Sample 5.563 5.539 5.465
C. Wt. of Mold 1.125 1.125 1.125
D. Vol. of Mold 0.00296 0.00296 0.00296
E. Wt. of Sample 4.438 4.414 4.34
Ave : 4.397
Unit wt.=
wt. of sample
vol. of mold
4.397 = 1486 kg/m3
0.00296
41
Unit Weight (Kalambis river)
Loose
A. Trial no. 1 2 3
B. Wt. of Mold + Sample 4.912 4.923 4.916
C. Wt. of Mold 1.125 1.125 1.125
D. Vol. of Mold 0.00296 0.00296 0.00296
E. Wt. of Sample 3.787 3.798 3.791
Ave : 3.792
Unit wt.=
wt. of sample
vol. of mold
3.792 = 1281 kg/m3
0.00296
Rodded
A. Trial no. 1 2 3
B. Wt. of Mold + Sample 5.245 5.289 5.397
C. Wt. of Mold 1.125 1.125 1.125
D. Vol. of Mold 0.00296 0.00296 0.00296
E. Wt. of Sample 4.12 4.164 4.272
Ave : 4.185
Unit wt.=
wt. of sample
vol. of mold
4.185 = 1414 kg/m3
0.00296 Table 16 Test result on unit weight of coarse aggregate
Source of aggregate Unit weight (Loose) Unit weight (Rodded)
Mainit river 1320 kg/m3 1486 kg/m3
Kalambis river 1281 kg/m3 1414 kg/m3
As shown in table 16 the values of unit weight of coarse aggregate from Mainit
river is 1320 kg/m3 (loose) and 1486 kg/m3 (rodded). And the values of unit weight of
coarse aggregate from Kalambis river is 1281 kg/m3 (loose) and 1414 kg/m3 (rodded).
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Determining the value for unit weight is necessary for use for many methods of selecting
proportions for concrete mixtures.
Soundness: The soundness determines the aggregates resistance to disintegration by
weathering.
Table 17 Soundness test of coarse aggregate(Mainit river)
Sieve Size
Original Grading
of Sample %
Weight of Test Fractions
Before Test, g
Weight of Test
Fractions After Test, g
Percentage Passing
Designated Sieve After
Test
Weighted Percentage Loss
SOUNDNESS TEST OF COARSE AGGREGATES
2½ in to 2 in
20 4783 4105 14.18 2.84 2 in to 1½in
1½ in to 1 in
45 1525 1467 3.80 1.71 1 in to ¾ in
¾ in to ½ in
13 1008 906 10.12 1.34 ½ in to 3/8
3/8 in to NO. 4 12 298 274 8.05 0.97
Totals 90 7614 6752 36.15 6.85
Table 18 Soundness Test of coarse aggregate (Kalambis river)
Sieve Size
Original Grading
of Sample %
Weight of Test Fractions
Before Test, g
Weight of Test
Fractions After Test, g
Percentage Passing
Designated Sieve After
Test
Weighted Percentage Loss
SOUNDNESS TEST OF COARSE AGGREGATES
2½ in to 2 in
20 4783 4101 14.26 2.85 2 in to 1½in
1½ in to 1 in
45 1525 1461 4.20 1.89 1 in to ¾ in
¾ in to ½ in
13 1008 901 10.62 1.41 ½ in to 3/8
3/8 in to NO. 4 12 298 270 9.40 1.13
Totals 90 7614 6733 38.47 7.27
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Table 19 Test result on soundness of coarse aggregate
Source of aggregate Soundness Specification
Mainit river 6.85% 12.0%max
Kalambis river 7.27%
As shown in table 19, the value of soundness of coarse aggregate in Mainit river
is 6.85%. And the value of soundness of coarse aggregate in Kalambis river is 7.27%.
Therefore, both of the sample of coarse aggregate had complied to the standard
specification for soundness which is 12.0% max. The quality of soundness of aggregate
or its resistance to the forces of weathering is one of the most important considerations
in the selection of a material for highway construction.
Abrasion. Abrasion resistance of aggregate often use as general indicator of qualtiy. It is
used to indicate aggregate toughness and abrasion chararacteristics.
Abrasion Test (Mainit river)
A. Grading Used A
B. No. of Spheres 12
C. Grading of Samples
Passing Sieve
Size Retained Sieve
Size Weight ( Gms.)
1 1/2" 1" 1250
1" 3/4" 1250
3/4" 1/2' 1250
1/2" 3/8" 1250
Total Weight 5000
D. Dry Weight Retained on Sieve No. 10 (After washing) 3514
E. Dry Weight Passing Sieve No. 10 1234
Table 20 Grading of samples for abrasion test (Mainit river)
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F. Abrasion Loss ( % ) 29.72
G. Specification ( % ) 40.0 Max
Abrasion Test (Kalambis river)
A. Grading Used A
B. No. of Spheres 12
C. Grading of Samples
Passing Sieve
Size Retained Sieve
Size Weight (Gms.)
1 1/2" 1" 1250
1" 3/4" 1250
3/4" 1/2' 1250
1/2" 3/8" 1250
Total Weight 5000
D. Dry Weight Retained on Sieve No. 10 (After washing) 3574
E. Dry Weight Passing Sieve No. 10 1234
F. Abrasion Loss ( % ) 28.52
G. Specification ( % ) 40.0 Max
Table 22 Test result on abrasion of coarse aggregate
Source of aggregate Abrasion loss Specification
Mainit river 29.72% 40.0% max.
Kalambis river 28.52%
As shown in table 22, the value of abrasion loss of coarse aggregate from Mainit
river is 29.72% and from Kalambis river is 28.52%.Therefore, both of the sample of coarse
aggregatre had complied to the standard specification for abrasion which is 40.0 % max.
Table 21 Grading of sample for abrasion test (Kalambis river)
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The percentage is a measure of the degradation or loss of material as a result of impact
and abrasive actions.
Clay lumps:
Table 23 Clay lump test of coarse aggregate (Mainit river)
Size of Particles Mass of Mass of Mass of Clay Lumps
Making Up Test Test Test Test %
Sample Retained Sample, Sample, Sample, ( 1 -2 / 1 ) x 100
before after
mm ~ inches min, g soak,g wash,g
No. 4 to 3⁄8-in.) 1000 min 0.0 0 0
3⁄8 to 3⁄4-in.) 2000 min 0.0 0 0
(3⁄4 to 11⁄2-in 3000 min 3005.2 2999.2 0.200
over 11⁄2-in. 5000 min 0.0 0 0
%Average Clay Lumps = 0.200
Table 24 Clay lump test of coarse aggregate (Kalambis river)
Size of Particles Mass of Mass of Mass of Clay Lumps
Making Up Test Test Test Test %
Sample Retained Sample, Sample, Sample, ( 1 -2 / 1 ) x 100
before after
mm ~ inches min, g soak,g wash,g
No. 4 to 3⁄8-in.) 1000 min 0.0 0 0
3⁄8 to 3⁄4-in.) 2000 min 0.0 0 0
(3⁄4 to 11⁄2-in 3000 min 3002.5 2997.4 0.170
over 11⁄2-in. 5000 min 0.0 0 0
%Average Clay Lumps = 0.170
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Table 25 Test result on clay lumps of coarse aggregate
Source of aggregate Clay lumps Specification
Mainit river 0.200% 1.0% max.
Kalambis river 0.170%
As shown in table 25, the clay lumps of coarse aggregate from Mainit river is 0.2
%. And the clay lumps of coarse aggregate from Kalambis river is 0.17%. Therefore both
of the sample of coarse aggregate had complied to the standard specification for clay
lumps which is 1.0 % max. Clay lumps are materials that are easily crumbled or mashed
with the fingers. So an aggregate for concrete should not have a clay lumps more than
0.1%. The aggregate from Mainit river complies the requirement for clay lumps, therefore
it is safe to use for concrete.
Moisture Content:
Table 26 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate (Mainit river)
Sieve Size Wt. Retained % Retained % Passing Specification
(inc.) (gms)
3" 0.0 0.0 100 100
2 1/2" 0.0 0.0 100 90 - 100
2" 0.0 0.0 100 -
1 1/2" 1368.0 45.8 54 25 - 60
1" 1522.0 51.0 3 -
3/4" 0.0 0.0 3 0 - 10
1/2" 0.0 0.0 3 0 - 5
3/8" 0.0 0.0 3 -
#4 0.0 0.0 3 -
#8 0.0 0.0 3 -
#16 0.0 0.0 3 -
#200 0.0 0.0 3 -
Pan - - - -
Total : 2890.0 Over Dry:
2,984.00 Original Wt. : 3,199.00
Mass of original sample: 3199 g.
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Mass of dried sample: 2984 g.
Dry mass of sample after washing: 2890 g.
Moisture Content = (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒−𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 100
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (3199−2984)
2984 × 100 = 7.21 %
Table 27 Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate (Kalambis river) Sieve Size Wt. Retained
% Retained % Passing Specification (inc.) (gms)
3" 0.0 0.0 100 100
2 1/2" 0.0 0.0 100 90 - 100
2" 0.0 0.0 100 -
1 1/2" 958.0 30.7 69 25 - 60
1" 1923.0 61.6 8 -
3/4" 0.0 0.0 8 0 - 10
1/2" 4.9 0.2 7 0 - 5
3/8" 0.0 0.0 7 -
#4 0.0 0.0 7 -
#8 0.0 0.0 7 -
#16 0.1 0.0 7 -
#200 1.3 0.0 7 -
Pan - - - -
Total : 2887.3 Over Dry:
3,119.50 Original Wt. : 3,272.00
Mass of original sample: 3272 g.
Mass of dried sample: 3119.5 g.
Dry mass of sample after washing: 2887.3 g.
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = (3272−3119.5)
3119.5 × 100 = 4.89 %
Table 28 Test result on moisture content of coarse aggregate
Source of aggregate Moisture content
Mainit river 7.21%
Kalambis river 4.89%
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As shown in table 28, the moisture content of coarse aggregate form Mainit river
is 7.21% and from Kalambis river is 4.89%. Obviously this aggregate has big amount of
moisture content because its from a river. This data can be used to adjust the ratio of
concrete mixture, so that it can’t affect to the concrete structure.
Wash Loss on No. 200:
(Mainit river)
Wash Loss = (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒−𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 × 100
Wash Loss = (2984 −2890)
2984∗ 100 = 3.15%
(Kalambis river)
Wash Loss = (3119.5 −2887.3)
3119.5∗ 100 = 7.44%
Table 29 Test result on wash loss on no.200 of coarse aggregate
Source of aggregate Wash loss on no. 200 Specification
Mainit river 3.15% 1.0% max.
Kalambis river 7.44%
As shown in table 29, the wash loss on no. 200 sieve of coarse aggregate from
Mainiti river is 3.15% and from Kalamibis is 7.44%. Therefore, the target had not been
achieved for both sample of coarse aggregate, where the standard specification for wash
loss on no. 200 is 1.0 max.
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Mechanical properties of coarse aggregate:
The study determined the mechanical properties of coarse aggregates in terms of
sieve analysis.
Figure 2 Graph showing the size distribution of aggregate (Mainit river)
Figure 3 Graph showing the size distribution of aggregate (Kalambis river)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
PE
RC
EN
T P
AS
SIN
G
SIEVE SIZE
PARTICLES SIZE DISTRIBUTION
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
PE
RC
EN
T P
AS
SIN
G
SIEVE SIZE
PARTICLES SIZE DISTRIBUTION
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According to the result, the coarse aggregate from Mainit river passing 3 inch
sieve size is 100%, passing 21
2 inch sieve size is 100%, passing 2 inch sieve size is 100%,
passing 11
2 inch sieve size is 54%, passing 1 inch sieve size is 3%, passing ¾ inch sieve
size is 3%, passing ½ inch sieve size is 3%, passing 3/8 inch sieve size is 3%, passing
no.4 sieve is 3%, passing no.8 sieve is 3%, passing no.16 sieve is 3%, passing no. 200
sieve is 3%. And the coarse aggregate from Kalambis river passing 3 inch sieve size is
100%, passing 21
2 inch sieve size is 100%, passing 2 inch sieve size is 100%, passing 1
1
2
inch sieve size is 69%, passing 1 inch sieve size is 8%, passing ¾ inch sieve size is 8%,
passing ½ inch sieve size is 7%, passing 3/8 inch sieve size is 7%, passing no.4 sieve is
7%, passing no.8 sieve is 7%, passing no.16 sieve is 7%, passing no. 200 sieve is 7%..
Therefore, target grading for coarse aggregate of bothsample had been achieved, where
the range for 3” sieve size is 100%, for 2 ½ “ is 90-100%, for 1½” is 25-60%, for 3/4 “ is
0-10%, and for 1/2“ 0-5%. The aggregate in Mainit River and Kalambis river are coarse
aggregate. Aggregate size and gradation are the most important factors when selecting
aggregate. It is one of the most important characteristics regarding the utilization of
aggregates in concrete.
Comparison of mechanical and physical properties of coarse aggregates to
acceptable standards
The specification is use to define the quality of aggregate, the nominal maximum
size of the aggregate, and other specific grading requirements.
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Abrasion. The standard specification for Abrasion is 40.0 max. The value of
abrasion of coarse aggregate from Mainit river is 29.72% and from Kalambis river is
28.52%. Therefore both samples of coarse aggregate complies to the specification.
Specific gravity. The value of Specific gravity of coarse aggregate from Mainit river
is 2.173%(OD), 2.215%(SSD), 2.268%(APP) and from Kalambis river is 2.075%(OD),
2.109%(SSD), 2.148%(APP). There are no standard specification for specific gravity, but
there is a typical value for specific gravity of natural coarse aggregate which is 2.6%.
Therefore the values of specific gravity of samples of coarse aggregate is acceptable
because its not that far and does not exceed from the typical value of specific gravity of
natural coarse aggregate.
Absorption. The value of absorption of coarse aggregate from Mainit river is
1.937% and from Kalambis river is 1.645%. Therefore the samples of aggregate is not
highly absorptive because its value of absorption is less than 5%. The absorption is
important in determining the net water-cement ratio in the concrete mix.
Unit weight. The value of unit weight of coarse aggregate from Mainit river is 1320
kg/m^3 (Loose) and 1496 kg/m^3 (Rodded) and from Kalambis river is 1281 kg/m^3
(Loose) and 1414 kg/m^3 (Rodded). The value of unit weight is necessary for use for
many methods of selecting proportions for concrete mixtures.
Soundness. The standard specification for Soundness is 12.0 max. The value of
soundness of coarse aggregate from Mainit river is 6.85% and from Kalambis river is
7.27%. Therefore both samples of coarse aggregate complies to the specification. The
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durability of aggregates or their resistance to the forces of weathering is one of the most
important considerations in the selection of a material for highway construction.
Moisture Content. The value of moisture content of coarse aggregate from Mainit
river is 7.21% and from Kalambis river is 4.89%. Obviously, this aggregate has big amount
of moisture content because it's from a river. This data can be used to adjust the ratio of
concrete mixture, so that it can't affect to the concrete structure.
Wash loss on no.200. The standard specification for the wash loss on no. 200
sieve is 1.0 max. The value of wash loss on no. 200 sieve of coarse aggregate from Mainit
river is 3.15% and from Kalambis river is 7.44%. Therefore, both of the sample of coarse
aggregate had not complied to the specification.
Sieve Analysis. Coarse aggregate shall conform to the requirements prescribed in
table 29 for the size number specified.
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Ta
ble
30
Gra
din
g r
eq
uir
em
en
t fo
r c
oars
e a
gg
reg
ate
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According in table 14 (from ASTM c33), the aggregate is size numer 3. As a
general rule, the largest aggregate should be no greater in diameter than one-third the
depth of the slab, or one-fifth the smallest dimension of the form. Generally coarse
aggregate is blended with finer aggregates (such as sand) to fill in the spaces left between
the large pieces and to “lock” the larger pieces together. This reduces the amount of
cement paste required and decreases the amount of shrinkage that could occur.