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• Romanov – Czarist royal family who ruled Russia for 3 centuries
• Totalitarianism – Absolute unlimited power by a ruler and control over every phase of life
• Soviet – elected councils formed during the Revolution
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• 1860s-1880s: Social Reforms but Political problems in Russia
• Czar Alexander II tries to please the people through social reforms
• Serfs become citizens
• Police & Judges were bias; now trial by jury & no secret trials & right to appeal
• New universities & schools
• Military corporal punishment abolished & 25 year service reduced
• But the czar was an authoritarian with no representation from the people & against any political changes
• Czar Alexander II was assassinated March 13, 1881
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• Alexander II’s son, Nicholas II became Czar in 1894
• Married to Alexandra; had 4 daughters & 1 son
• Romanov family ruled Russia for 300 years
• Lacked leadership & weak power
• Alexia- only son of Czar Nicholas II, had Hemophilia a disorder where blood does not clot and can lead to severe blood loss when injured
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INDUSTRIALIZATION
Russia was slow to industrialize Caused a wider gap between social classes 50% of families had to send a member to distant cities find work in the factories
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Nicholas II wanted to expand it’s empire close to Japanese controlled land in the East. War broke out over who controlled the territories of Manchuria & Korea Russia underestimated Japan’s military and lost Caused: -humiliation -Russians had to pay for the war -Russians didn’t feel it was necessary because it was in the far east (where most people lived in the west) -More Russians disliked the czar b/c of war
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• Thousands of unhappy urban workers & poor peasants from countryside
peacefully protest at the Winter Palace but were killed by guards
• Sought to petition the czar for better working conditions & suffrage
• The czar’s guards fired into the crowd- killing 200, wounding 800
• Shooting sparked widespread strikes and uprisings
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October Manifesto & the Duma
Nicholas II’s October Manifesto-
a document that promises
political reforms after strikes,
protests and violence from the
Russian people
-Created limits on the czar
Gave:
-freedom of speech
freedom of the press
-freedom of assembly
-created the Duma
Duma- (Russian assembly) -a legislative body created by Nicholas II during October Manifesto (1906) and later becomes the temporary government until the Russian Revolution (1917) -Finally Russian Duma House members could have a voice and control some of the government (not much though!)
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• Czar Nicholas II brings Russia into the Great War.
• War revealed the ineptitude and arrogance of the country’s
aristocratic elite
• Most peasants had
very little invested
in the War
• Poorly supplied
troops result in
massive casualties
• 1915- 1/4 Million men die a month
• Czar takes command- left country to his wife & Rasputin
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• Czarina Alexandra was heavily
influenced by Rasputin
• Rasputin: peasant from Siberia. Self-
proclaimed healer; Could stop
Prince Alexia’s bleeding. Controlled
much of political decisions while
Nicholas II helped in WWI. Could not
solve Russian problems. Was
poisoned, shot and drowned.
• Scandals surrounding Rasputin
served to discredit the monarchy
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• Alexandra and Rasputin throw the government into chaos
• Complete mismanagement of the wartime economy
• Alexandra and other high government officials accused of treason
• Rasputin assassinated in
December of 1916
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Changes are Demanded Different groups form wanting change to Russia The 2 revolutionary groups supported Marxist ideas
Cadets Mensheviks Bolsheviks Russians that wanted reforms (not a Revolution). Mostly from middle class. -Wanted a British type government with a monarch & parliament. -Wanted the czar to be UNDER the law, not above it.
Political party
called the “Social
Revolutionary
Party” (SR’s);
Mostly
-Peasants; violent;
-liked Russian
traditions;
-more Socialistic
Political Party
called the
“Russian Social
Democrats” SD’s
Soviet supported
-Mostly working
class; violent
-Mostly Marxist, -
lead by Lenin;
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• Women waited long hours in
bread lines; went on strike;
• 10,000 women marched in strike
against the government &
demanding food; troops were
ordered to shoot rioters but they
did not.
• The Duma declares itself a
Provisional Government
• Czar Nicholas abdicates the
throne (steps down)
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© Students of History - http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Students-Of-History
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April Theses
a series of speeches in which Lenin: -encouraged people to take control of the country “All Power to the Soviets” -overthrew provisional government (Duma) -asked for Soviet (councils of workers) support
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• Cheka- Red Secret Police are
organized & used terror to stop
anti-Revolutionaries
• “Red Army”- Revolutionary army
created with Leon Trotsky in charge
• Bolshevik Party renamed
Communist Party in March of 1918
• The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
negotiated with Germany and
Russia leaves WWI
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• Lenin reorganized the
country & renames it
the Soviet Union in 1922
• Implements the ideas of
Karl Marx
• Issues his New Economic
Policy in 1921 allowing
some capitalist policies
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• Stalin was a Bolshevik
revolutionary
• Appointed general
secretary of the party’s
Central Committee in 1922
• Took power after Lenin’s
death in 1924
• Viciously eliminated
any opposition
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• Stalin modernized the Soviet Union through “5 Year Plans” of industrialization
• His secret police allowed no opposition or freedoms
• Ordered the execution of millions (about 20 million)
• Example: 3-5 million Kukals were killed
• Kukal- a wealthy farmer who refused to give grain to the state
• 3-5 million more died in Ukraine due to lack of food due to deaths of kulaks
• Created a fully communist state