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Cytospora CankerNew Biopesticides
Marion Murray
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Cytospora Species
Over 500 different species of Cytospora infect more than 60 trees and shrubs
aspen, cottonwood, willow, hybrid poplars
green ash
Siberian elm
alder
spruce:
Leucostoma/Cytospora kunzei
stone and pome fruits:
L. cincta
L. persoonii
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Cytospora on Spruce
Starts at lowest branches
Needles: purplish to brown to loss
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Cytospora on Peach
Fall/early winter temperature extremes• Nov 25, 2010• Dec 6, 2011• Jan 1 – 7, 2013• Dec 5 – 13, 2013• Nov 16, 2014• Dec 27, 2015
Sprinkler irrigation
Tree stress/replant conditions
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“Gummosis”
environmental stress • over-bearing
• severe summer pruning
• excessive irrigation
• planting too deep
• wound
borers
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Cytospora Management
Good pruning practicesRemove all dead or diseased branches and limbs as they appear
Maintain tree health with optimal watering and fertilization
Fungicides?
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Pruning Best Mgmt Practices
Prune young trees carefully to avoid weak, narrow-angled crotches
Prune infected peach trees as close to bloom as possible
Do not prune in wet weather
Make clean cuts
Remove diseased limbs
Disinfect between cuts
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50%
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Preventive: Maintain Tree Health
Proper fertilization and irrigationcheck micronutrients (iron, zinc, manganese)
Avoid establishing new orchards in poor soils
Remove weak trees
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Paint trunks with 50% latex paint (in water)
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Fungicide Treatments?
Apply fungicide right after general pruning: Pristine, captan, chlorothalonil
Apply fungicide to cytospora pruning cuts and cankers: Inspire, Rovral, Topsin • Add Pentabark enhanced chemical penetration
• Remove gumming before application
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Bacillus BurkholderiaChromobacteriumPaecilomyces
Aureobasidium
Updates in Biopesticides
Microbial pesticides (formed from bacterium, fungus, virus or protozoan)
Biochemical pesticides (naturally occurring substances, such as plant extracts, fatty acids or pheromones)
Plant-Incorporated-Protectants (genetically modified plants)
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Bacillus species
Found in many conditions: salt water, soil, hot springs
Have capacity to produce a dormancy stage (spores) that withstands high temperatures, unfavorable pH, lack of nutrients or water
Easy to store
Diverse modes of action• stomach poison• antagonist or competitor to inhibit growth of pathogens• induces systemic resistance
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Grandevo
Fermentation solids of Chromobacterium subtsugaeag crops and ornamental plants
Stomach poison and repellent for caterpillars, coleopteran, aphids, whiteflies and plant-sucking mites
Apply at egg hatch
Good efficacy for:• stink bug
• turf grubs
• potato psyllid
• spider mites
Potato Psyllid
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Venerate XC
Killed cells and fermentation solids of a new species of Burkholderia: B. sp. strain A396
fruit and vegetable crops
Degrades exoskeleton and prevents molting via contact and/or ingestion
caterpillars, beetles, aphids, white flies, spider mites
Good efficacy for:• Asian citrus psyllid
• whitefly
Western Flower Thrips, 2 Treatments
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Blossom Protect
Live formulation of Aureobasidium pullulans
Fire blight: applied up to 4 times per season at 10%, 40%, 70% and 90% open blossoms
Colonizes flower and prevents colonization of Erwinia bacteria
Best efficacy of all fire blight biopesticides
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Bacillus Beauvaria
Gliocladium
BurkholderiaChromobacterium
Streptomyces
Metarhizium
Verticillium TrichodermaPaecilomyces
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BiofungicidesBiochemicals
• Affirm (polyoxin D)• Alexin (fruit & vegetable extract)• CG100 (Caprylic acid)• Citrex (Citrus extraction)• Copper based products• Endorse (polyoxin D)• K-Phite (Phophorus acid salts)• Kleengrow (Didecyl dimethyl ammonium
chloride)• Milstop (potassium bicarbonate)• Omega GroPlus (Fish oil)• Phosphorous acid/phosphorus acid generators• Proud 3 (thyme oil)• Regalia (Extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis)• Triact (Neem Oil Extract)• TriCon (Sodium tetraborohydrate decahydrate)
Microbials• Actinovate Soluble (Streptomyces lydicus WYEC
108)• Bloomtime (Pantoea agglomerans strain E325)• BMJ (Bacillus mycoidesisolate J)• Cease (Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713)• Companion (Bacillus subtillis GB03)• EcoGuard (Bacillus licheniformis SB3086 + Indole-
3- butyric Acid)• PreStop (Gliocladium catenulatum Strain J1446)• Remedier (Trichoderma asperellum + Trichoderma
gamsii)• RootShield Plus (Trichoderma harzianum T-22 +
Trichoderma virens G-41)• Taegro (Bacillus subtilis var amyloliquefaciens
strain FZB24)
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BioinsecticidesBiochemicals
• Agra-50 (propylene glycol alginate)• Aza-Direct (azadirachtin)• AzaGuard(azadirachtin)• AzatinXL (azadirachtin)• BugOil (mineral oil)• Hexacide (rosemary oil)• M-Pede (insecticidal soap)• MilStop (potassium bicarbonate)• NeemazalF (azadirachtin)• Neemix (azadirachtin)• Ornazin3% (azadirachtin)• Proud 3 (thyme oil)• Saf-T-Oil (Horticultural Oil)• Safer Soap (Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids)• Sucrocide (Sucrose octanoateester)• SuffoilX (Petroleum Oil)• Surround WP (Kaolin Clay)• Triact (Neem Oil Extract)• TriCon (Sodium tetraborahydrate
Microbials• BotaniGard (Beauveria bassiana)• GrandEvo (Chromobacterium subtsugae NRRL B-30655)• Met52 (Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52)• Natural Solutions (Verticillium lecanii)• NoFly (Paecilomyces fumosoroseous strain FE 9901)• Preferal (Isaria fumosoroseus)• TickExEC (Metarhizium anisophliae)• Venerate (Burkholderia sp. strain A396)
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Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides
B.t. kurstaki (Lepidoptera) – Bonide Thuricide, Monterey, Dipel, Javelinfoliage feeding caterpillars
B.t. aizawai (Lepidoptera) – Agree, XenTaricabbage caterpillars
B.t. israelensis (Diptera) – Gnatrol, Summitmosquitoes and flies
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Bacillus fungicides
B. amyloliquefaciens: Double Nickel 55brown rot, bacterial diseases, powdery mildew
B. pumilis: Sonatapowdery mildew
B. subtilis: Serenade (home and commercial formulations), Cease, Rhapsodypowdery mildew, anthracnose, Phytophthora, bacterial diseases