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CYC: The Common Sense Knowledge Base
By: Jeremy BermanAlok Sahgal
Dr. Reed CSC 550
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Intro
• History
• What is Cyc?
• How does it work?
• Applications– OpenCyc– CycSecure
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History of CYC
• Douglas B. Lenat and MCC (1984)
• GOFAI at a massive scale
• Construct “Common Sense” knowledge– 3 million rules of thumb (2002)– 300,000 terms
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The First 10 Years
• Initial Goals (1984)– representation language– Interface for browsing and editing– "cadre of lightly trained knowledge enterers"
could easily use – hooks to other AI programs.
• Midpoint Report (1990)– CycL developed
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Current State
• Now, anyone can be knowledge-enterer
• Web allows acceleration of knowledge entry
• Lenat claims human-level capacity in 5 years
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How CYC Works
Knowledge Server• Knowledge Base• Inference Engine• CycL• Cyc-NL• Semantic
Integration Bus
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Knowledge Base
• Contains facts about everyday life (common sense)
• Terms written in CycL
• Assertions about terms– Entered by humans– Created by Cyc
• Microtheories
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Inference Engine
• General logical deduction
• Best-first search
• Due to size, ordinary expert system methods of accessing data do not work.
• Cyc team developed new methods of retrieving data (secret)
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CycL
• CycL– Cyc representation language – variation of first-order predicate calculus
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CycL
• Constant - #$OrganicStuff
• NAT - (#$FruitFn #$AppleTree)
• Variable - – (#$colorOfObject #$Grass ?someColor)
• Expression – – (#$colorOfObject #$Grass #$Green)
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CycL• Assertions “Animals sleep at home.” (ForAll ?x (ForAll ?S (ForAll ?PLACE(implies (and(isa ?x Animal)(isa ?S SleepingEvent)(performer ?S ?x)(location ?S ?PLACE))(home ?x ?PLACE)))))
if x is an animal and the performer of a sleeping eventthen the place where that event takes place is the home of x.
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Cyc-NL• Used to translate between English and CycL
The man saw the light with the telescope.
{:SENTENCE {:NP {:DETP {#$Determiner [the]}} {:N-BAR {#$SimpleNoun [man]}}} {:VP {#$Verb [saw]} {:NP {:DETP {#$Determiner [the]}} {:N-BAR {#$SimpleNoun [light]}} {:PP {#$Preposition [with]} {:NP {:DETP {#$Determiner [the]}} {:N-BAR {#$SimpleNoun [telescope]}}}}}}}}
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Cyc-NL
Fred saw the plane flying over Zurich.
Fred saw the mountains flying over Zurich.
• Cyc “knows” that:– planes fly.– people fly in planes.– mountains do not fly.– Zurich is a city.
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Semantic Integration Bus
• Makes data from a variety of sources usable to the Inference Engine.
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Applications
OpenCyc
• Uses
• Goals of Project
• Demonstration
CycSecure
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OpenCyc Uses
Allows user to create applications that access and use data in CycKB
Starting point for:– Speech understanding
– Database integration
– Email prioritizing
– Game engines
– Letting people develop their own “worlds”
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OpenCyc
Goals of Project
• Growth of Knowledge Base
• Establish CycKB as the standard for:– knowledge representation/management– database integration – intelligent software applications
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OpenCyc
Goals cont.
• Raise awareness for symbolic knowledge
• Help to combine symbolic systems with emergent ones (neural nets, genetic algorithms, etc)
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OpenCyc
Demonstration
http://www.opencyc.org/images/opencyc-kb-browser.gif
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CycSecure
• Automated network auditing service that simulates network attacks
• First real commercial application
• Complements other network security apps
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Anatomy Of CycSecure
• Network Configuration Simulator – Inputs the data for security assessment
• CycSecure Knowledge Base – Contains knowledge of vulnerabilities and
patterns of attacks
• AttackPlan Analyzer – Simulates a planned attack
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How CycSecure Works
• Uses virtual network from NCS
• Finds vulnerabilities of network security
• DoD’s Information Assurance Vulnerability Assessment
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More about CycSecure
• Evolved Scanner
• Costs
• Still in beta-testing
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Future of Cyc
• Online brokering of goods and services
• "Smart" interfaces
• Advancement gaming AI
• Improved speech recognition
• Sophisticated user modeling
• Local consistency
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Conclusion
• KB is already enormous and broad
• Large corporate support
• Largest GOFAI attempt
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References
• www.cyc.com
• www.opencyc.org
• Anthes, Gary H. Computerizing Common Sense, Computerworld
April 8, 2002.