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CUTTINGTHROUGH
DesignsandIllustrationsinCutPaper
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CriticalSemimar2JoyceSchillerandStephaniePlunkettJenniferYooCuttingThrough‐DesignsandIllustrationsinCutPaper“[HansChristianAndersen]hadabeautifulaccomplishment,whichwasthecuttingoutinpaper,withanordinarypairofscissors,oflovelylittlefiguresofspritesandelves,gnomesfairiesandanimalsofallkinds,whichmightwellhavesteppedoutofthepagesofhisbook.Thesefiguresturnedouttobedelightfulintheirrefinementanddelicacyindesignandtouch.”‐HenryDickens(TheAmazingPaperCuttingsofHansChristianAndersen)
Illustrationisnotjustadrawingorapaintingonpaper;itcanbecreated
in different media. Paper cutout illustration started when illustrators were
attractedtosilhouettes.Theywereinterestedintheimageofaperson,anobject
or scene consisting of the outline and a basically featureless interior. Paper
cutout as an art form has been popular since themid‐18th century. The term
“silhouette” was seldom used until the early decades of the 19th century.
Silhouette images may be created in any artistic media, but the tradition of
cuttingportraitsfromblackcardhascontinuedintothe21stcentury.Amongthe
19thcenturyartiststoworkinthiswaywastheauthorHansChristianAndersen.
Inthe21stcentury,AmericanartistKaraWalkerdevelopsthisuseofsilhouette
to present racial issues with intricate images. With their paper cutout
illustrations, contemporary artist Rob Ryan and Peter Callesen are trying to
reach out and communicate with their audience. These artists express their
thoughtsintheirworknotjustusingabrushorapenbutalsobyusinganX‐Acto
knife.
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1.HansChristianAndersen
HansChristianAndersen (1805‐1875)always loved thearts.Hewasan
artist,asinger,andanactor.HestudiedintheRoyalTheatreasadirectorfor3
years and writing at the university in the capital city of Copenhagen. Having
completedhiseducationin1829,hebegantoindulgeinwritingpoetryfulltime.
He also wrote over 150 stories such as “The Ugly Ducking”, “The Red Shoes”,
“Thumbelina”, "The Little Mermaid" and more. But, he also cut magnificent
figures frompiecesofpaper.Heusedtotellhis fairytales tochildrenwhilehe
cut a sheet of paper in front of them. Hans Christian Andersen put a hidden
meaning in his paper cuttings. On the surface it could amuse, in the depth it
wouldamaze.Someofthepapercutsarepurelypicturepuzzleorrebus,others
are icons combined to represent a linguistic symbol. Andersen’s cuttings are
balanced andwell designed, even thoughhenever had any instruction andhe
never drew the design before cutting. He was an artist of great talent and
originality.
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HansChristianAndersenSceneofdancer,flowers,andfacesPapercutout13¾“x16¾“TheRoyalLibrary,Copenhagen
HanChristianAndersencutthisillustrationtoraisemoneyforthesoldierswhofoughtinthePrussiaWar.AndersenisthemostinterestingpersonalityinDanishculturalhistory.HisfertileimaginationandcreativeurgehavenotonlystronglyinfluencedDanishliterarystylebutalsotheDanishlanguage.Andersen’sstoriesbecomepopularwiththepublic.AccordingtoBethWagnerBrust,thepoeminthemiddleiswritteninDanish:“Thispapercutissomewhatdear/halfarigsdaler,we’llsay/Butit’sreallyawholefairytale/Youkindheartwillhavetopay.”
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HansChristianAndersenMeninacircleholdingheartsandhands8¼“x8”.PapercutoutTheH.Laage‐PetersenCollection,TheRoyalLibrary,Copenhagen
“Healwayscutwithanenormouspairofpaperandscissors”‐BodildvonDonner.
WheneverHansChristianAndersenhadopportunitiestotellfairytalestochildren,hewouldjusttakethescissorsoutofhispocketandmadeacutpaperillustrationandstarttellingthestory.Andersentaughthimselftomakedrawingsandcollages,andhecreatedpuppetsandpuppetsstages.Meninacircleholdingheartsandhandsisoneexamplethathecreatedforhisproductions.Hewasinspiredtodesignthemwhenlookingathiscutoutillustration.
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RIGHT:HansChristianAndersenVernet’sportraitofThorvaldsen1833,Rome.Oilpaintoncanvas.30”x40”.ThorvaldsenMuseum,Copenhagen.LEFT:HansChristianAndersenCutoutportraitofsculptorBertelThorvalden1833,inRome,atthestudioofFrenchpainterHoraceVernet.Papercutout2½”x1¾”.TheHansChristianAndersenMuseum,Odense.
MostofHanChristianAndersen’scutoutsarebasedonthingsheimaginedratherthanonthingshesaw.Heoccasionallyusedhisskillwithscissorslikeacamerainordertocaptureascenethathewantedtoremember.In1833,whenthecamerawasinvented,hemetaDanishsculptor,BertelThovaldsen,andbecameagoodfriend.Oneday,AndersenwasinvitedtowatchaFrenchartist,HoraceVernet,paintThorvaldsen’sportrait.Atsomepointinthissession,Andersenpulledouthistravelingscissorsandpieceofpaperandcutthesilhouettefromthepainting.
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HansChristianAndersenSunflowerman1848inthevillageofSoro,Denmark,forJohnMartinChristianLange.Papercutout5½“x8¾“.ThePortmanCollection,TheRoyallibrary,Copenhagen.
AlthoughHanChristianAndersenlovedchildrenandenjoyedbeingwiththem,henevermarriedorhadchildrenofhisown.Heneverownedahouse.EvenwhenhewasnottouringDenmarkorotherpartsofEurope,hemovedaroundCopenhagen,aguestinotherpeople’shomesforweeksormonthsatatime.Hemadethirteenscrapbooksforthechildrenthathelovedwith.Thebooksincludedhisowncuttingsmadeoutofbrightcoloredpaper,alongwithpictureshehadcutfrommagazines,advertisements,printedsheets,postcardsandwrappingpaper.Sunflowermanisoneoftheimagesinsideofthescrapbooks.
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HansChristianAndersenUntitled1874atRolighed,theMelchiorPapercutout10½”x16¾”TheHansChristianAndersenMuseum,Odense. TheMelchiors,awealthyDanishmerchantfamily,becomegoodfriendswithHanAndersen.TheircountryvillabecameoneofAndersen’sworkingplaces.Theyearbeforehedied,AndersenmadehislastlargecuttingasagiftforMrs.Melchior.Itsgrimimagesdonotshowinhisothercuttings.Theyreflecttheartist’spoorhealthandhisknowledgeofhisapproachingdeath.Atthecenterofthepiece,thereisacross,animageseldomseeninhiscuttingseventhoughAndersenwasareligiousman.
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2.KaraWalker
“Oneofmyearliestmemoriesinvolvessittingonmydad’slapinhisstudiointhegarageofourhouseandwatchinghimdraw.Irememberthinking:‘Iwanttodothat,too,’andIprettymuchdecidedthenandthereatage2½or3thatIwasanartistjustlikeDad.”—KaraWalker
KaraWalker(b.1969)receivedaBFAfromtheAtlantaCollegeofArtin1991,
andanMFAfromtheRhodeIslandSchoolofDesignin1994.Sheiswellknown
forshowinghertopicslikerace,gender,andsexualitythroughhercutoutfigures.
Kara Walker applied her intricate silhouettes directly onto the walls of the
gallery andmade them look like a theatrical space inwhich her cutout paper
charactersbecomeviolent towardsoneanother.Withonefoot inthehistorical
realismof slavery and the other in the fantastical space of the romancenovel,
Walker’s nightmarish fictions simultaneously seduce and make the audience
thinkabouttherealissuesintheworldinwhichweareliving.Walkercurrently
livesinNewYork,wheresheisonthefacultyoftheMFAprogramatColumbia
University.
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KaraWalkerCut1998Cutpaperonwall88x54in.(2223.5x137.2cm)CollectionDonnaandCargillMacMillan
KaraWalkerisbestknownforhercut‐papersilhouettes.Shebeganworkingwiththeseimagesaround1993whileshewasagraduatestudentattheRhodeIslandSchoolofDesign.Sheisinterestedinkitschandexploresthisinhercutoutpaperillustration.KaraWalker’sworkislayeredwithimagesthatreferencehistory,literature,culture,andthedarkeraspectsofhumanbehavior.Allofherworkrepresentspower.Thecharactersinherworkshowpowerstrugglesofallkindssuchasphysical,emotional,personal,racial,sexual,andhistorical.
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KaraWalkerSlavery!Slavery!1997cutpaperonwall12x85ft.(3.7x25.9m)CollectionsPeterNortonandEileenHarrisNorton,SantaMonica
KaraWalkerconstructsastoryinanunusualformatforaninstallation.Slavery!Slavery!wasinstalledina360‐degreeinstallationmodeledafterthe19thcenturycyclorama.Acycloramaisalarge,cyclindricalpainting.Shethoughtthatthisantiquatedartforminsiststheviewerparticipateinthestorybywalkingacrosstheperipheryofthelandscapeasiflookingontheeventstakingplace.Additionally,thecircularstructureoftheworkeliminatesaclearbeginningorendtothestory.Intheartist'swords,Slavery!Slavery!wasthefirsttimethatshehadacompletelycircularspace.Itwasbuilttosurroundtheviewersoitfeelsdifferentfromthenormalflatwallandbuildsanarrativethatdoesn'tactuallystartontheleft.
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KaraWalkerDarkytownRebellion2001Cutpaperandprojectiononwall14x37ft.(4.3x11.3m)CollectionMuseed'ArtModerneGrand‐DucJean,Luxembourg
KaraWalkerworkswiththecyclorama,wall‐sizedmurals,andlightprojections.Shestartedtoexperimentwithmovingimagesin2001.Usingcut‐paperpuppets,hand‐builtstagesets,andSuper8filminherstudio,shebegantoanimatethecharactersinherstyle.ForDarkytownRebellion,KaraWalkerappliedpapercutoutillustrationtothewall.Thensheprojectedwithvibrantlightfromcoloredtransparenciesonseveraloverheadprojectsplacedonthefloorofthegallery.KaraWalkerwantedtheviewersarefurtherinvolvedwiththisinstallation,sotheirshadowsarealsocastontothewallastheywalkthroughthespace.
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3.AndreyShushkov
AndreyShushkov(b.1986)isinterestedineverythingaroundhim.Inhis
teenageyears,herealizedthathewantedtocreatehisownfairytales.In2005,
he startedhis filmeducation at the Saint‐PetersburgUniversity of Culture and
Arts.Hestudieddirecting,photographyandscriptwriting.Atthesametime,he
waslearningasmuchaspossiblefromtheinternet.AndreyShushkovfellinlove
withanimationandstartedtoworkasa freelancephotographer.During2009‐
2010,AndreyShushkovworkedonhis shortanimated filmcalled "Inventionof
Love". Hemade this film forhis thesisproject. It is a filmabouta love story
fromtheworldofgearsandbolts.Thecolorandthestructurewereinspiredby
LotteReiniger’spapercutoutworks likeHanselandGretelorThelittleChimney
Sweep and Antony Lucas’s film called The Mysterious Explorations of Jasper
Morello.
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AndreyShushkovInventionofLove(Animatedshort2010)InspiredbyLotteReinigerworksandAntonyLucas'sJasperMorellofilm.Diplomaproject.9:45MINUTESWritten&DirectedbyAndreyShushkovOriginalMusicandSound:PolinaSizova,AntonMelnikov.ViolinperfomedbyAnnaGudkova
AndreyShushkov’sInventionofLoveisastorythatstartsattheendandflashesbacktothebeginning.Atinkererstartshisrecordplayerandreminiscesabouthislostlove.Thewomanisfromthecountryside,neverhavingseenthecity.Upontheirmarriagehebringsherbackwithhimtothecity.Thecityiscompletelyindustrial,witheventheanimalsbeingmechanical.Thewomanwasnotexpectingthis,andinhorrorshetriestofindanyshredofnatureshecanwithinthismechanizedwasteland.Shedies,andtheflashbackends.Inadesperatehope,thetinkerertriestoinventlovethroughamechanicalwoman,onlytofindthatitisnotthesameaswhatnaturehadprovidedhim.
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4.RobRyan
RobRyan (b.1962) studied fine art atNottinghamTrentPolytechnic before
goingon toanMA inprintmakingat theRoyalCollegeofArt.Ryan is ahighly
acclaimedillustratorandhisworkistheresultofthepainstakinghandcuttingof
papers.Theseintricateworksareeithersoldinpapercutoutformordeveloped
aslimitededitionscreen‐prints,ortransferredontoavarietyofmediaincluding
china,fabric,jewelryandcards.HeworkswithanX‐Actoknifeandhugepaper.
First,hedesigns the figuresand the contents, and thencuts sectionby section
onedayatatime.Ryan’sintricateandbeguilingpapercutoutshaveacquireda
huge public following. Today, Rob Ryan is collaborating with high profile
companiesand figures in the fashionworldand includingLuluGuinness,Tatty
Devine,LibertyofLondon,PaulSmith,ElleMagazineandVogue.
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RobRyanAlphabet2004PapercutoutTheMuseumOfUsexhibitionatTheHorseHospitalGallery
Ryanwasmakingscreen‐printsandpaintingsforyearsbeforehestartedcutoutillustration.AfterhegraduatedfromtheRoyalCollegeofArtin1987,hewasinspiredbysilhouetteandshape,notbycolororperspective.Hewasdoingalotofwritingandhewasconstantlyworkingonsketchbooksbuttheyaremainlyfilledwithwordsforhim.Hewantedtodosomethingnewandhewasdoingalotofthesepicturesinwhichhewasfoldingthepaper.Theimagewastotallysymmetrical.Hethinksthisisthewaytoshowhisthinkingprocesswhilecreatingthepieceanditisabigpartofhiswork.
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RobRyanEverythingThatIs2009Papercutout
RobRyan’sworkisuniqueanddecorative.Hesaidthereasonhispapercutoutworkbecamemoredecorativeisbecauseitiscutfromonesheetofpaperthatforceshimtomakeanintricatepattern.Hehastogetthetreesandfoliagelinkingtogether,anditdevelops.RobRyancreateshisartwithapencildrawing,andtheneverytinydetailoftheillustrationiscutoutwithascalpel(oftenwiththehelpofhisassistantHazel,anartistinherownright)andsprayedwithcolor.
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RobRyanIOpenedMyHeart2010143cmx110cm
RobRyan’sworkcapturedthepublicimaginationbecausehewroteabouthisexperiencesandputhimselfinpeople’sshoesandintheirimaginations.Thisalsoinfluenceshiscommissionedworksthatarecommercialworklikebookjackets,illustrationsforVogueandtextiledesigns.RobRyankeepsabalancewithhisimaginationandcommercialassignments.Hewantshisworktobecomemoreaccessibleandeasierforthepublictoapproach.
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RobRyanEveryNight201072cmx82cm
WhenRobRyanpainted,theworkswereverydecorative,likehiscuttingstoday.Atcollege,hewasinterestedintheEnglishillustratorsofthe1940sand’50s.Atthesametime,helikedItalianandGermanpainting,likethe19th‐centuryromanticsincludingCasparDavidFriedrich.Thatiswhymostofhisworkisromanticandsweet.But,sometimeshisworkisquitedarkbecauseofhisdifferentwriting.RobRyan’spapercutoutshavethatmixtureofsentimentandsomethingmoresinisterintheshadows.
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RobRyanSpecialEditionRyantown2ndanniversaryprint(Edition120)2010Screenprint51.5cmwideby38cmhigh'Everynightatthesametime,Ipickastar,holdittightandthinkofyouathousandmilesacrosslandandsea,Ifeelyouinmyheartthinkingofme.''ThesesamestarsandthissameskyhangoverbothyouandI,Inourdreamsandinmyheart,theyhelpusfeellessfarapart.'‐RobRyan
RobRyandesignscutpaperillustrationsandcreateshisownstorybooks.‘ThisIsForYou,’wasthefirstbookhepublished.Itisaromanticfairy‐taletoldthroughpapercutoutart.Thisisabeautifultwo‐colorprinttocommemoratethe2ndanniversaryoftheRyantownshoponColumbiaRoad.
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5.PeterCallesen
PeterCallesen(b.1967)isaDanishartistandauthor.Hestudied
foundationartskillsatÅrhusArtSchoolin1993andwenttoGoldsmithsCollege
inLondon1997.HecreatesintricatepapercutoutartworkfromA4(lettersize)
paperandmakeslarge‐scaleinstallationspieces.HefeelsthatA4paperisa
materialthatweareallabletorelateto,andatthesametimetheA4papersheet
isneutralandopentofillwithdifferentmeanings.Hethinksthatthethinwhite
papergivesthesculpturesafrailtythatunderlinesthetragicandromantic
themeofhisworks.Formostofhiswork,hemadetheflatsheetofpaperinto
figuresthatexpandintothespaceandinteract.Usingthenegativetwo
dimensionalspaceleftbythecutpaper,Callesenpointsoutthecontrastingthree
dimensionalrealityitcreates,eventhoughthefiguresstillsticktotheoriginal
paperwithoutthepossibilityofescaping.PeterCallesenisstillanexplorerwho
useshiscutoutillustrationtoreachouttotheaudienceandcommunicatewith
people.
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A4seriespieces
PeterCallesenworkedalmostexclusivelywithwhitepaperfordifferentobjects,papercuts,installationsandperformances.AlargepartofhisworkismadefromA4(8.5”x11”)sheetsofpaper.HetakesawayalltheinformationandstartsfromscratchusingtheblankwhiteA4papersheet.Forhiscreations,hefeelsthathefoundamaterialthatweareallabletorelateto,andatthesametimetheA4papersheetisneutralwhiteandopentofillwithdifferentmeanings.Thethinwhitepapergivesthepapersculpturesafrailtythatunderlinesthetragicandromanticthemeofhisworks.
PeterCallesenButterfliesTryingtoEscapeTheirShadow2005Acid‐freeA480gsmpaperandglue
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PeterCallesenDistantWish2006Acid‐freeA4115gsmpaperandglue.
PeterCallesenSnowballs2005AcidfreeA480gsmpaperandglue
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FramedWork
PeterCallesen’scoloredandframedpapercutoutworksderivefromearlierpiecessuchas‘Bridge’and‘StillLife’.Theydealwithdreamsandtheimpossible.Thisinformalstyleinearlierworkshasdevelopedintomorepreciseaesthetics.Theseworksexistinthegapbetweentherecognizableeverydayobjectandthematerialinwhichtheyappear.TheframedworkistheidealpurecopyofsomethingrealaswellastheverticaldirectioncoherentinmostofPeterCallesen’spaperworks.Itcouldalsoindicatetheaspectofsomethingplatonicorreligious.
PeterCallesenWaterAlwaysFindsitsWay2006AcidFreeA480gsmpaper,glue,acrylicpaintandoakframe47,5x37x7cm.
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PeterCallesenOntheotherSide2009Acid‐freeA4120gsmpaper,glue,acrylicpaint,watercolorandoakframe47,5x37x7cm
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PeterCallesenTheCoreofEverything2006AcidfreeA480gmspaper,glueandoakframe47,5x37x7cm
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PeterCallesenAlive,butDead2006AcidFreepaper,glue,acrylicpaint,andoakframe127x94x11,5cm
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BIOJenniferYoo
JenniferYoowasborninSanFranciscoandraisedinKorea.Shetrainedto
be an artist while she was a MICA undergraduate. Jennifer Yoo’s greatest
strength and talent is an ability to make cut out paper art. She is studying
IllustrationPracticeintheMICAgraduateprogram.Shewantstoharmonizeher
emotionsandartistic skills inorder to fullyexpressherself throughart. Yoo’s
ultimate goal is to create works that could positively influence people and
engagethepublic.Herwishtobecomeanartistknownforartworksthattouch
people’shearts,ratherthanbeanartistfamousforaparticularstylethatfitsina
particularperiod.
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EXHIBITION‐RELATEDPROGRAMS
1.ARTWORKSHOPSFORADULTSANDTEENS
Thisfuncraftproject,itwillinvolvetheentirefamilyTrytomake
silhouettecuttingsanddécalcomaniestylepapercutouts.Thisworkshopwill
allowchildrenandadultstoexpresstheircreativeideas.
Thingweneed:
‐Sheetsof8.5”x11”paper.
‐Safetyscissors
‐Pencil
HOWTO
1.Cutthesheetofpaperinhalf,lengthwiseformtoptobottom.Makethreefolds
inoneofthehalves,pleatingthepaperintoquarters.
2.Drawasilhouetteoranyotherformsonthetoplayerofthefoldedpaper.
3.Cutoutyoursilhouetteorforms.Donotcutthefoldededge.Unfoldthesheet
torevealyourownpapercutoutillustration.
TIPSANDWARNING
‐Besuretosuperviseyoungchildrenusingscissors.
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2.ARTTALK
‐Artist’stalkwithPeterCallesen.
‐Artist’stalkwithRobRyan.
‐Talkabouthowdotheycreatetheirworksanddemonstrationoftheprocess
theyusetomaketheircutoutillustrations.
‐Q&Asection
3.VIDEIOLECTURE(darkenedroom)
‐Historyofpapercutoutillustration(slideshowonaloop)
‐RobRyan:workinprocess.(movieclip)
Showhowhecreateshisownideasandshowtheworkingprocess.
‐Earlycutoutstopmotionanimation:PrinceandPrincess.
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Bibliography
Books
BethWagnerBrust,TheAmazingPaperCuttingsofHansChristianAndersen,Boston:HoughtonMifflinCompany,1994.LauraHeyengaPaperCuttingBook:ContemporaryArtists,TimelessCraft,ChronicleBooks,May11,2011.R.KlantenPapercraft:DesignandArtWithPaper,Gestalten,2009.R.KlantenPapercraft2:DesignandArtWithPaper,Gestalten,2011.R.KlantenTangible,DieGestaltenVerlag,2009.InternetResources<http://crittercan.wordpress.com/2012/01/25/peter‐callesen‐paper‐cut‐illustration/><http://museum.odense.dk/en.aspx>
<http://www.moma.org/interactives/projects/1999/conversations/kw_f.html>
<http://www.designsponge.com/2009/12/sneak‐peek‐rob‐ryans‐studio.html>
<http://hca.museum.odense.dk/klip/billedstart.asp?language=en>
<http://learn.walkerart.org/karawalker/Main/IntroductionToThemes>
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silhouette>
<http://www.shushkof.com/>