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Current Trends in Presentation of Disease Associated with M.
hyopneumoniae
Monte B. McCaw DVM PhD
Farm Animal Health and Resource Management Dept.
NCSU College of Vet. Med.
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M. hyo history
Pre 1990 “insignificant” in USno M hyo vaccineno M hyo targeted abc programsrare to see clinical disease outbreaks
SPF herds
role as App facilitator
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M. hyo history
Late 1980’s - 1990’sdramatic “paradigm shift” in hog-
raising management introduction of PRRSv and
subsequent epidemicsemergence of PRDC
M hyo central role
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Presentation Overview
Swine Industry Changes
PRRSv Impact on Disease
Antibiotic Therapy Challenges
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Swine Industry Changes
Continuous Pig-Flow Rearingmultiple age groups
building or site
never cleaned / disinfectedendemic disease model
Day Care / School-kid model
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Swine Industry Changes
All In - All Out (AIAO) Pig-flow Rearingsingle age group
room / building / site
placed at same timeemptied completelycleaned and disinfected
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Swine Industry Changes
AIAO Pig-flow RearingEnd old-to-young transmission
decreasing contact / exposure
Must be perfect to be successful!!?? Naïve population if successful
Epidemic Disease Model???
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Swine Industry Changes
Site level disease control1 site production
“farrow to finish”
(Farrowing)(Nursery)(grow-Finish)
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Swine Industry Changes
Site level disease control3 site production
further decrease old to young transmission risk
Farrowing (Breeding Herd)
Nursery
grow-Finish
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Swine Industry Changes
3 site production intentionsEliminate bacteria vertical
transmission antibiotic medication at birth early weaning (3 to 7 days) separation to different site small group sizes
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Swine Industry Changes
3 site production adaptationunmedicated before weaningweaned at standard 3 weeksseparation to different siteVERY LARGE group sizes
low rate vertical transmission important???
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Swine Industry Changes
3 site production adaptationUNSUCCESSFUL in preventing
disease transmission and lossesSuccessful in decreasing disease
losses of the pastMay have facilitated emergence new
(delayed) disease syndromes
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Swine Industry Changes
3 site production adaptationSINGLE SITE source of pigs
ESSENTIAL for disease controlPRV, TGE, pneumoniaPRRSv
multiple “strains”, different status virus circulation between herds
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PRRSv Impact on Disease
PRRS Clinical signsabortion, stillbirths, mummieshigh preweaning mortalityhigh nursery disease and mortaliltylater see finisher pig pneumonia
M hyo central role PRDC
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PRRSv Impact on Disease
PRRS disease and mortality often from secondary bacterial diseases
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PRRSv Impact on Disease
PRRSv infections are immunosupressivein utero infection
thymic atrophy lymph node enlargement interstitial pneumonia secondary bacterial lesions
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PRRSv Impact on Disease
PRRSv immunosupressivePeripheral Blood Mononuclear
Lymphocyte CD4 / CD8 ratio reversal
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IU infected pig PBMC Cytokines
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7IF
Nga
mm
a :c
yclo
phil
in
0 14 67
Days of age
PRRSV Control
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IU infected pig PBMC Cytokines
00.050.1
0.150.2
0.250.3
0.350.4
0.45IL
6 :
cycl
ophi
lin
0 14 67
Days of age
PRRSV Control
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IU infected pig PBMC Cytokines
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6IL
10:c
yclo
phil
in
0 14 67
Days of age
PRRSV Control
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IU infected pig PBMC Cytokines
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2IL
12 :
IL
10
0 14 67
Days of age
PRRSV Control
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PRRSv Impact on Disease
In utero PRRSv infection impactimmunosuppressed
VERY susceptible 2o bacterial infection
long-term viremicTyphoid Marys MUST CONTROL SOW PRRSv
infection to control finisher PRRS
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PRRSv Impact on Disease
I = pc y/NI = incidencep = transfer probabilityc = contacty = quantity of infectious pigsN = group size
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PRRSv Impact on Disease
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Weeks of Age
PR
RS
v P
revale
nce
High Prev Low Prev
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PRRSv Impact on Disease
Horizontal nursery / finisher spread critical finisher disease M hyo
PRDC (SIV, PRCV, PCV2 / PMWS)
difficult to recreate experimentally severe PRRSv strain Halbur / Thacker dexamethazone enhanced Zimmerman
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PRRSv Impact on Disease
Horizontal nursery / finisher spread possible field contributing factors
large populations social interaction factors poorer ventilation control persistent bacterial / virus exposure compromised / stressed pigs on entry
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Antibiotic Therapy Challenges
PRRS (nursery / finisher)Increased amount of finisher
disease???Appears increased use of antibiotics
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Antibiotic Therapy Challenges
PRRS (nursery / finisher)complaint antibiotics “aren’t
working” must use much longer duration withdraw antibiotics in frustration
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Antibiotic Therapy Challenges
PRRS-associated antibiotic “failure”PRRSv infects macrophages
PAM, PIM decreased phagocytic activity decreased killing ability
Impaired bacterial clearance mechanisms!!
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Antibiotic Therapy Challenges
PRRS-associated antibiotic “failure” Uncertian effects upon PMN
recruitment and bacterial killing in vivo
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Antibiotic Therapy Challenges
PRRS-associated antibiotic “failure”Antibiotic efficacy reduced by
inability of pig’s immune system to effectively clear bacteria antibiotics alone not kill all bacteria in
vivo
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Summary modern antibiotic use challenges in swine
Dramatically changed animal “flow” patterns that create nearly naive populations and epidemic disease conditions
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Summary modern antibiotic use challenges in swine
Immunocompromising viral infections common in nursery and finishing swinePRRSvM hyoSIVPCR 2
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Summary modern antibiotic use challenges in swine
Antibiotics appear less effective against bacterial diseases such as M hyopneumoniae during coinfections involving immunosupressive viruses like PRRSv and possibly PCV2
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