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Current Status of Research on Plant pathogens and Biological Pesticides
1
Suraj Baidya, Senior Scientist (S-4)
PLANT PATHOLOGY DIVISION
NEPAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (NARC)
KHUMALTAR, LALITPUR
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Plant specific diseases
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1. Information of practical value generated
2. Appropriate research materials and methods developed and made available to concerned stakeholders
3. Effective and sustainable disease management technologies developed
4. Mandated services delivered appropriately
5. Institutional and individual capacity enhanced
6. Generated technologies fed into uptake pathways
Objectives
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1. Information of practical value generated
• Survey of plant diseases
• Isolation, identification, characterization, and preservation of pathogens an
bio-control agents
• Host range and epidemiological studies of priority diseases
2. Appropriate research materials and methods developed and made available to
concerned stakeholders.
• Screening materials for host resistance and efficacy of agro chemicals against priority
diseases
• Techniques on inoculum multiplication, inoculation, screening methods and disease
assessment
3. Effective and sustainable disease management technologies developed
• Monitoring of priority diseases
• Conduct on-station research on fungal, bacterial, viral and nematological diseases of
major commodities
• Conduct on-farm research to validate the technologies
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4. Mandated services delivered appropriately
• Diagnostic services
• Advisory services
• Information and visitors services
5. Institutional and individual capacity enhanced
• Upgrading of laboratory facilities and equipment
• Specialized training at national and international levels
• Exchange visits (National/International)
• Supervise graduate and post graduate students in collaboration with academic
institutions
6. Generated technologies fed into uptake pathways
• Transfer of technologies to stakeholders
• Training/ Publications
• Information dissemination through different electronic media
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SCOPE ON PLANT PATHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
S.
N.
Causes Effects Outcomes
1. Open border – Informer Trade
/ Former Trade
Chances of Introduce of
new pest/ QPs
Out brake of new
diseases
2. Introducing of high yielding
cultivars/genotypes - Hybrid
Susceptible for minor
pests become major
Out break of new
diseases
3. Off-season and new crops
cultivation
Susceptible/host for
minor pests
Outbreak of new
pathogens/ diseases
4. High biodiversity Congenial environment
due to wide host range
Establishment of
Pests
5. Climate / Climate change Spread of pests Establishment of
Pests
6. Cultivation practices -
(plastic tunnel)
Adverse effect to
beneficial organisms
Establishment of Pest
7. Injudicious use of pesticides
and fertilizer
Toxicity on plant and
soil, adverse effect on
environment, Resistant
in pest
Reduce the
production and
Productivity
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Identification of Pathogens
Improvement of Plant health through disease management in cropping
system
Pathogen free products/consignments
Detection of Pathogens
Improvement of Plant health through detection of associated
pathogens
Entry of Pathogen free products/consignments
Role of Pathological Research on trade
ExportImport
Survey and surveillance of pest and update national pest database Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) Preservation and maintenance of pathogens (Repository centre)
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114
198
348
558 562 579
758
405
512
050
100150200250300350400450500550600650700750800
066/67 067/68 068/69 069/70 070/71 071/72 072/73 073/74 074/75
Nu
mb
er
of
sam
ple
s (N
)
Fiscal Year (BS)
Total Disease entries Fungal disease
Bacterial disease Viral disease
Nematode disease Others/nutrient def./insect damage/unidentified
Frequency of plant disease samples diagnosed in different years in Plant Pathology Division lab
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Crop Disease Pathogen
Rice BlastBacterial leaf blight (BLB)Foot RotFalse smutUdbatta (Incense rod disease)
Pyricularia oryzaeXanthomonas oryzae pv oryzaeFusarium moniliforme/proliferatumUstilaginoidea virensEphelis oryzae
Maize Gray leaf spot (GLS):Northern leaf blight (NLB) Stalk rotBanded leaf and sheath blight
Cercospora zeae maydisExserohilum turcicumFusarium verticilloidesRhizoctonia solani
Wheat RustYellow rust/Leaf rust/Stem rustKarnal BuntFoliar blight
Puccinia striiformis , P. triticina,P.graminisTilletia indicaBipolaris sorokiniana/Drechslera tritici-repentis
Lentil Stemphyllium blightWilt/Root rot complex
Stemphyllium botryosumFusarium oxysporum/ Fusarium solani
Chickpea Botrytis gray moldWilt/Root rot complex
Botrytis cinereaFusarium oxysporum/ Fusarium solani
Common diseases in various crops
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Crop Disease Pathogen
Crucifers ClubrootRhizoctonia diseaseBlack rotBacterial leaf spot of broad leaf mustard
Plasmodiophora brassicaeRhizoctonia solaniXanthomonas campestris pv. campestrisPseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola
Solanaceouscrops(Tomato/ Potato / Eggplant)
Late blightCommon scab, powdery scabBacterial wiltViral disease complex
Root Knot Nematode Bacterial stem rot of tomato
Phytophthora infestansStreptomyces scabies, Spongospora subterraneaRalstonia solanacearumTYLCV (Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus, ToMV(Tomato Mosaic Virus), CMV (Cucumber Mosaic Virus), PepMV(Pepino Mosaic Virus)Meloidogyne sppErwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
Cucurbits Viral disease complex
Downy mildewGummy stem blight
CMV (Cucumber Mosaic Virus), ZYMV (Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus), CGMMV (Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus), WMV (Watermelon Mosaic Virus) Pseudoperonospora cubensisDidymella bryoniae
Pepper Phytophthora blightViral disease complex
Phytophthora capsiciCMV (Cucumber Mosaic Virus), PVMV (Pepper Veinal Mottle Virus), TLCV (Tomato Leaf Curl Virus)
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Crop Disease Pathogen
Citrus Canker Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.citri
Banana Sigatoka leaf spotPanama wiltHeart rot
Mycosphaerella musicolaFusarium oxysporum fsp. cubenseFusarium moniliforme
Mango AnthracnosePowdery mildew
Colletotrichum gleosporioidesOidium magniferae
Apple Scab Venturia inaequalis
Sugarcane Red rot of sugarcane Colletotrichum falcatum
Cardamom Wilt complex/Rhizome rotLeaf blight complex/rustViral disease
Fusarium sp, Rhizoctonia sp,Pestalotia sp, Phakospora sp
Tea Blister blight Exobasidium vexans
Coffee Rustanthracnose
Hemileia vastatrixGleosporium gleosporioides
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•Preservation of more than 20 isolates of fungal plant pathogens
• Cultures of plant pathogens provided to different research
stations and students for their research
Bipolaris
sorokinianaRhizoctonia
solani
Colletotrichum falcatumFusarium solani Colletotrchum
gloeosporioides
Pyricularia oryzae
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NTCC (Single spore culture of plant pathogens maintained in Plant Pathology Division)
A. brasssicae from
radish
Colletotrichum falcatum from
sugarcane
Botrytis alli from garlic Pyricularia setariae from foxtail
millet
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PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT
-Soil - nutrients-Water/moisture - Humidity-Temperature - Heat/light- Aeration - Others
Chemical methods
- Contact - Systemic Dose , number and interval
Cultural methods- Spacing - Sanitation- Date of planting - Inputs
Eco-friendly substances
- Botanicals - Biologicals
Dose, number and interval
Genetic materials- Screening - Breeding
– Tissue culture Local Exotic
Problem Identification- Biotic - Abiotic
Causal agent
- Disease cycle/epidemiology
Potential economic losses- Qualitative - Quantitative
Management
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SN Bio-control agents Plant diseases
1. Trichoderma harzianum Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in cauliflower, Rhizoctonia
solani in bean wilt, ginger rot, Pythium sp.
Alternaria sp., Fusarium sp. In damping off disease
of vegetables, Root knot nematode in vegetables
2. Trichoderma viride Plasmodiophora brassicae in brassica, Rhizoctonia
solani f. sp. sasakii in BLSB of maize
3. Trichoderma harzianum (T22) Bipolaris sorokiniana in wheat, Rhizoctonia solani f.
sp. sasakii in BLSB of maize, Meloidogyne sp. in
tomato
4. Trichoderma spp. (A23) Bipolaris sorokiniana in wheat
5. Paecilomyces lilacinus Meloidogyne sp.in tomato, Plasmodiophora
brassicae in brassicas
6. Pestaloptiosis sp. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in cauliflower
7. Pseudomonas fluorescens
Pseudomonas sp.
Meloidogyne in tomato, Plasmodiophora brassicae
in brassica
Bio-control agents used against Plant diseases
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SN Botanical extract Plant diseases
1. Extract of garlic 1% Club root disease and viral disease
complex
2. Application of cow milk @ 25m/l water Viral disease complex in vegetables
3. Extract of timur (Zanthoxylum
armatum) 1%Leaf spot disease (Fungal disease)
5. Black pepper Extract 1% Leaf spot diseases (Fungal disease)
6. Extract of clove 1% Bacterial wilt, Sclerotinia sclerortiorum
7. Asparagus root 1% Alternaria leaf spot diseases,
Rhizoctonia solani
8. Tete-pati (Artemisia vulgaris) and
Ashuro (Justicia adhatoda) 10%Soil borne diseases (Rhizoctonia,
Fusarium)
9. Eucalyptus leaf extract 10% Leaf spot and foliar blight in vegetables
10 Tejpat or bay leaf (Cinnnamomum
tamala) extract 1%Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii
11. Mustard cake @ 40g/ plant Root knot nematodes
Botanical extracts using against Plant diseases
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Inhibition of colony growth and
sporulation by 10% leaf extract
of eucalyptus
Inhibition of Sclerotium rolfsii
>80%) by Trichoderma sp. Inhibition of Alternaria alternata
(>80%)by Trichoderma sp.
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Rice blast:
Causal agent: Pyricularia oryzae
Management:
• Resistant cultivars: Khumal- 4, 6, 8, 10, 11,
Chandannath – 1, 2, Lekali -1,3 for hill.
• Parawanipur 1, Janaki, Chaite 2, Khajura 2,
Radha 4, 7, 11, Hardinath 1, Shwonna 1 and
Shukhkha 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 for Terai/plain.
• Balance fertilizer: Recommended dose of
NPK, not excess N application
• Seed treatment: Beam (Tricyclazole) 2 g/ kg of
seed
• Foliar application: Kasugamycin 3% @ 2 ml or
Beam 1 ml or Hexaconazole 2 ml per liter of
water in vegetative and panicle initiation
stage.
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Sheath BlightCausal agent: Rhizoctonia solani
Management:
• Balance fertilizer: Application of
recommended NPK.
• Transplanting : Not dense planting
• Foliar application: Application of
Hinosan @ 1.5 ml or Validamycin @ 2
ml per liter of water.
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Foot rot
Causal agent: Fusarium moniliforme
Management:
• Seed treatment: Application of Bavistin
(Carbendazim) @ 3 g/ kg seed
• Drenching: Application of Bavistin
(Carbendazim) @ 2 g/ liter of water
Management:
• Balance fertilizer: Use of optimal
amount of fertilizer
• Seed treatment: Application of Dithane
M-45 (Mancozeb) @ 3 g/ kg seed
• Foliar spray: Application of Dithane M-
45 (Mancozeb )@ 3 g/ liter of water
Brown leaf spot
Causal agent: Bipolaris oryzae
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Management:
1. Planting of resistant genotypes such as
Manakamana-1, Manakamana-3, Manakamana-6,
Ganesh-1, Deuti and Hill Pool Pahelo. Some
Columbian and Zimbawe lines; 05 SADVI, 07
SADVI, ZM 627 and ZM 525 are also resistant to
disease.
2. Early planting and sanitation
3. Application of fungicides like Bavistin
(Carbendazim) @ 1.5 g or Dithane M-45
(Mancozeb) 2.5 g per litre of water in 7-10 days
interval.
Gray Leaf Spot of Maize
Causal agent: Cercospora zeae
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Wheat rustCausal agent: Puccinia striiformis (stripe/yellow rust), P. triticina (leaf/brown rust), P. graminis (stem/black rust)
Management:
• Use resistant varieties: Stripe rust: Pasanglhamu, WK1204, Dhaulagiri, Danphe, Gautam, Tilottama
Leaf rust: BL1473, Bhrikuti, Achyut, NL971, Aditya, Gautam,
Bijaya, Gaura, Bhrikuti, Tilottama
Stem rust: Dhaulagiri, Danphe, Bijaya, Tilottama, Gaura
• Spray Propiconazole 25% EC @ 1 ml or triadimefon 25 WP @ 1 g/litre of water.
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Late blight of tomatoCausal agent: Phytophthora infestans
Management
• Some CIP lines were resistant/tolerant
to disease.
• Spraying of systemic fungicide with
Metalaxyl @ 1.5 g/ l of water in 10 days
intervals or spraying of Sectin – 60 WG
( Fenamidone 10% + Mancozeb 50%)
@ 2 g/ l of water in 10 days intervals.
• Sanitation: removal of volunteer plant
and other disease plant parts.
• Spraying of fungicides with Copper
oxychloride @2 g/l or Mancozeb @2.5
g/ l of water in 7-10 days interval.
Early blight of tomatoCausal agent: Alternaria solani
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Damping off of seedlingCausal agent: Rhizoctonia sp., Phytophthora sp., Pythium sp., Fusarium sp. Sclerotinia sp.
Management:
• Nursery bed treatment with Carbendazim2 g/ l of water.
• Foliar spray of chemicals with Carbendazim @ 2 g or Mancozeb 2.5 g/ l of water.
• Drainage facility
Management:
• Sanitation: Removal of disease plant parts from field
• Foliar spray of Sulphur chemicals like Karathane @ 2 ml at 7 – 10 days intervals at least 2-3 times
Powdery mildewCausal agent: Leveillula taurica sp.
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T-260 Control
For the control of Phytophthora capsici
in chilli, Trichoderma isolate T-260 @
0.2% as soil drench was found to reduce
disease incidence and severity by more
than 70% as compared to control.
For the control of Rhizoctonia solani in
cauliflower, application of sectin (Mancozeb
50%+ fenamidone 10%) @ 2g/l water as soil
application before transplanting of cauliflower
seedlings was found as the most effective.
Left: control, Right: sectin
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• Field trial at Luvu, Lalitpur showed that
Marpha rayo was less susceptible to clubroot
than the local variety used.
Top: Local BLM, bottom: Marpha
Management of clubroot in crucifers
• Use of agricultural lime to increase soil pH upto 7.
This should be done at least one month prior to
transplanting of seedlings.
• Use of nebjiin (Flusulphamide) as soil
incorporation @ 200-300 kg per ha was found to
reduce clubroot incidence by 61% and severity by
83% in cauliflower in field trial done at Bhaktapur.
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• Screening of different genotypes of
tomato against bacterial wilt showed that
HRA 19, HRA 21, HRA 7, HRA 109, HRA
112, SSC-1 were resistant among OP
genotypes tested while F1 hybrids
(Ahmita, Manita, Platinum 701, Surya,
Dalila and Makis (Bishesh) were found
tolerant to disease.
Screening of tomato genotypes against
Ralstonia solanacearum in screenhouse
Management of bacterial wilt disease in solanaceous crops
• Use of Copper oxychloride @
0.2% as soil drench
• Grafting of tomato scion in
rootstock of wild brinjal (Solanum
sisymbrifolium)
Left: Cultural characteristics of R. solanacearum in
TZC media, Right: symptoms of bacterial wilt in
tomato
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Root Knot Nematode
Causal agent: Meloidogyne sp.
Management
• Selection of seedling from nematode free nursery bed
• Destroy the infected plant part after harvesting
• Soil application of biological agent Trichoderma
harzianum
• Application of crushed yellow mustard seed 40g/
plant hole during transplanting
• Using grafted plant with wild brinjal (Solanum
sisymbriifolium)
• Soil application of Mustard cake 2kg/ m2
• Soil application of Cartap1.5 kg /500 m2
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Gummy Stem Blight of CucurbitsCausal agent: Didymella bryoniae
Management:
• Sanitation:
Cleaning of weeds and solanaceous
crops.
• Thining/ trimming: remove dry and
diseased leaves
• Seed treatment:
Mancozeb or Chlorothalonil
containing chemicals @ 2 g per kg of
seed
• Foliar spray: Application of chemicals
with Mancozeb @ 2.5 g or
Chlorothalonil @ 2g per liter of water
in all part of plant in 7 – 10 days
interval for at least 2 -3 times
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Lentil RustCausal agent: Uromyces fabae
Management
• Resistance lines: ILL 7164, ILL 7723 and Shital.
• Planting time: Early planting have more diseaseso planting late i.e, date of planting according todisease appearance on particular location
• Chemical application: Spraying of Dithane M-45(Mancozeb) @3 g/ l of water at 7- 10 daysinterval at least 2 times.
Lentil gray mold diseaseCausal agent: Botrytis cinerea
Management
• Spacing: Planting at row to row distance 30-40cm
• Intercropping: Intercropping with potato.
• Chemical application: Spraying of Chlorothanilcontaining chemical @2 g/ L of water at 7- 10days interval at least 2 – 3 times.
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Stemphylium blightCausal agent: Stemphylium botryosum
Management
• Resistant cultivars: Shikhar, Shimal, Maheshwor,Bharati, Sagun, Khajura 2, ILL 7723.
• Spacing: Avoid dense planting i.e, row to rowdistance 30 cm at least
• Seed treatment: Bavistin (Carbendazim) 2 g/ Kgseed.
Foliar spray: Chemicals with Mancozeb @ 2.5 g orCopper oxychloride @ 2 g or Carbendazim @ 1.5 g/ lwater
Management
• Resistant cultivars: Shikhar, Shimal, Shital, Khajura 2,Sagun, Maheshwor, Bharati
• Fertilizer: Balance application of NPK.
• Biological control: Application of Trichodermaharzianum @ 500 g per ropani in soil.
• Crop rotation: with cereal crops at least 2 – 3 yrs.
Wilt diseaseCausal agent: Fusarium oxysporum
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Coffee Rust
• Hemileia vastatrix
Hemileia= Having Half circle rough surface
Vastatrix = Devastating
• Uredospores are like kidney shape
MANAGEMENT
1. Quarantine: Follow the rules of internal and external
on transportation of planting materials from one place
to another.
2. Plantation of resistant genotypes such as Catimor,
Ketisic and Selection -10
3. Optimum level of shade, Wide distance of plantation
4. Sanitation
5. Application of Bordeaux mixture @ 1 % or Blitox 50
(Copper oxychloride ) @ 2 g /L for organic coffee
6. Spray Dithane M-45 @ 2.5 g or Propiconazole 25 %
EC @ 1 ml per litre of water for inorganic coffee.
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Red rot of sugarcaneCausal agent: Colletotrichum falcatum
Management
• Cultural Practice: Destroy the infected plant fromthe field.
• Fungicide treatment: Treated the plantingmaterial with dipping in Carbendazim solution @1.5g/L.
• Hot water treatment: Dipping planting materialsin hot water (50ᵒC) for 30-45 mins.
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Milky mushroomGanoderma cultivated in
paddy straw Training on Shiitake
mushroom cultivation
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Mouth part of Plant parasitic nematode and lateral lines of body
Surface structure of wheat rust pathogen (Puccinia triticina)
SCANNING OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Colony of plant bacteria Bacillus sp.
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Incubation room
Screenhouse
Polyhouse
Glasshouse
Others facilities at PPD, Khumalar, Lalitpur
Glass house
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Challenges
• Population growth and Flattening yield increases
• Export and Import obligation on WTO agreement
• Climate change: warming and extreme weather (Foliar blight, Rusts, Alternate
hosts, Crop var. etc)
• Rapid retiring of Senior scientists and technical personals
• Lack of incentive and motivation to scientists and technicians
Future need
• Establishment of Centre for Advance Studies for Plant Pathology
• Capacity building and Training
• Regular program on Survey and surveillance and regular update national pest data base
• Strengthen research for control of major threatening diseases of crops
• Climate resilient technology for disease control
• Strong linkage and co-ordination among Research, Extension and Education and other
stakeholders
• Use expertise of ex NARC/DOA/Universities/Others
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THANK YOU