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1 North China Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute
Dr. Xingcan Zheng
Current Status and Challenges of Urban
Wastewater Treatment in China
North China Municipal Engineering
Design and Research Institute Ltd.
Asia Session of the 52nd JSWA Annual Technical
Conference on Sewerage, Tokyo, 29 July, 2015
http://www.cnwg.com.cn/http://www.cnwg.com.cn/
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Main Content of the Presentation
1. Development of Urban Wastewater Treatment
2. Key Factors Affecting WWTP’s Performances
3. Typical Examples of Urban WWTPs and WRPs
North China Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute
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1. Development of Urban Wastewater Treatment
Effluent Limits COD BOD5 SS NH3-N TP TN
GBJ 4 -73 100 60 500
GB 8978 - 88 120 30 30
GB 8978
- 1996
Class II 120 30 30 15 1.0
Class I 60 20 20 15 0.5
GB18918
- 2002
Class II 100 30 30 25 3.0
Class IB 60 20 20 8(15) 1.0 20
Class IA 50 10 10 5(8) 0.5 15
Future ? 20 3 3 1 0.1 5
Unit: mg/LEffluent Discharge Standard of Urban WWTPs
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22.1
78.7
147.0
481
1205
3503
0.0
25.0
50.0
75.0
100.0
125.0
150.0
175.0
200.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
Cap
aci
ty (
mil
lion
t/d
)
Am
ou
nt
0f
Wast
ew
ate
r T
reatm
en
t
Pla
nts
(W
WT
Ps)
year
Capacity
WWTPs
NMSUWT started in 2007
157 million m3/d
3781
Rapid Growth of Urban WWTPs in Mainland China
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Year WWTPsTotal capacity
(million m3/day)
1978 37 0.64
1990 87 3.17
2000 402 17.67
2005 792 57.25
2010 2624 122.13
2015 5000 170.00
2020 10000 200.00
Trend of Urban WWTP’s Development
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WWTPs Need to Be Upgraded to Higher Standards
Total capacity divided by effluent discharge standards
Third
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
一级A 一级B 二级 三级 其他
排放标准
污水处理规模(万m3
/d)
2007年度
2011年度
2013年度
ⅠA ⅠB Ⅱ Ⅲ
Upgrading to higher standard
Cap
acit
y (
1000
0m3 /
day
)
others
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WWTPs Need to Be Upgraded to Higher Standard
Number of WWTPs divided by effluent discharge standards
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
一级A 一级B 二级 三级 其他
排放标准
污水
厂数
量(
座)
2007年度
2011年度
2013年度
Ⅱ
ⅠA
ⅠB
Ⅲ
Upgrading to higher standard
Nu
mb
er
of
WW
TP
s
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Processes for Meeting the Discharge Standards
Class II Discharge Limits
Organic matter → biological treat (AS or BF)
Class IB Discharge Limits
Organic & nutrient → BNR systems
Class IA Discharge Limits
Reclaimed water or sensitive regions (lakes)
→ EBNR+advanced treatments
More stringent limits for specific situations
High quality reclaimed water
Highly sensitive regions
Special requirement
MF/UF & RO
Strict N & P control
Chemical oxidation
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Process Selection for Biological Nutrient Removal
Modified A2/O Process for improving the N & P removal
Excess sludge
Return sludge
Influent Mixed liquor recycling
ClarifierEffluen
t
Anoxic/
Pre-denit.Anaerobic Anoxic
Oxic Zone
(nitrification)
Carbon source addition Chemical addition
* Process Design for Tai’an WWTP in 1988
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Process Selection for Biological Nutrient Removal
EBNR process for meeting new effluent limits IAplus
Effluent
Excess
SludgeReturn Sludge
Influent splitting Mix liquor
Recycling
ClarifierPre-Den.
An Ax Oxic Ax Oxic
Carbon source addition
Raw
wastewater
Fermenting
clarifier
Inorganic
& Sludge
Chemical
addition
Carbon source addition
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2. Key Factors Affecting WWTP’s Performances
Fluctuation of influent quality & flow-rate
Wide distributions & variations
Change with regions, locations and time
Low BOD5/TN ratio
Degradation in septic tank and sewerage
Biological pretreatment of industrial effluent
High SS/BOD5 ratio →inorganic fraction
Combined sewer system & urban runoff
Low temperature and industrial inhibitors
Regions with low water temperature
Difficulty of industrial effluent control
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Wastewater Differences with Location and Time
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700北京
天津
河北
山西
内蒙古
辽宁
吉林
黑龙江
上海
江苏
浙江
安徽
福建
江西
山东
河南
湖北
湖南
广东
广西
海南
重庆
四川
贵州
云南
陕西
甘肃
青海
宁夏
新疆
新疆兵团
进水
COD浓
度(
mg/L
)
Wastewater COD Concentration by Regions
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Wastewater Differences with Location and Time
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
甘肃
新疆
天津
北京
河北
内蒙古
陕西
山西
黑龙江
宁夏
河南
湖北
新疆
兵团
山东
重庆
云南
浙江
上海
辽宁
吉林
四川
江苏
安徽
福建
广西
海南
贵州
湖南
江西
广东
青海
Infl
uent
TN
(mg
/L)
Wastewater TN Concentration by Regions
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
进水SS/BOD5比值
占污
水处理
厂总
数百分
比(%
)
合流制系统
分流制系统
Key Factors Affecting WWTPs Performances
High SS/BOD5 ratio Percentage to total WWTPs
Influent SS/BOD5 ratio
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Key Factors Affecting WWTPs Performances
Influent SS/BOD5 ratio of Wuxi Lucun WWTP
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.01
2-2
6
1-1
0
1-2
5
2-9
2-2
4
3-1
1
3-2
6
4-1
0
4-2
5
5-1
0
5-2
5
6-9
6-2
4
7-9
7-2
4
8-8
8-2
3
9-7
9-2
2
10
-7
10
-22
11
-6
11
-21
12
-6
12
-21
日期
进水
SS
/BO
D5比值
Infl
uen
t S
S/B
OD
5R
ati
o
Date
Typical MLVSS/MLSS: 0.3-0.5
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
进水BOD5/TN比值
占污
水处
理厂
总数
比例
(%
)
Key Factors Affecting WWTPs Performances
Low BOD5/TN ratio of WWTP’s influent
Perc
en
tag
e t
o t
ota
l W
WT
Ps
Influent BOD5/TN ratio
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1
Was
tew
ater
tem
per
ature(℃)
Month
North China Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute
Influent and Effluent NH3-N (Average)
Influent
Effluent
Removal rate
Winter
Winter
Winter
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3. Examples of Urban WWTPs and WRPs
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1980s: Tianjin Jizhuangzi WWTP
First large-scale WWTP (AS)
Started operation in 1984
Capacity: 260,000 m3/day
Extended to 540,000 m3/day BNR in 2000
WRP
First Phase
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1980s
Development of Tianjin Jizhuangzi WWTP
2000s2010s
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Tianjin Jizhuangzi Water Reclamation Plant
Chemical Treatment Micro-filtration in 2002
RO system in 2010sSubmersible micro-filtration
Started to operation in 2002
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Upgrading from SF to SMF systems
Membrane systemSand filter
SMF
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1990s: Qingdao Licunhe WWTP
First phase: 80,000m3/day (1998)
Second phase 90,000 m3/day (2008)
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Qingdao Licunhe WWTP
Influent : BOD5 488; TSS 558; TN 87; TP 7.0 (mg/L)
Designed in 1994; started operation in 1998
Pre-denitrification
for return AS
Denitrification
Anaerobic Zone Oxic Zone
170,000m3/day
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Typical Operation Modes
VIP process
Modified A2/O process
+ IFAX in year 2010
Qingdao Licunhe WWTP
Third Phase: 80,000m3/day under design
Total capacity: 250,000m3/day
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Late 2000s: Upgrading of Wuxi Lucun WWTP
Conventional AS(1992)
A2/O process (1998)
Modified A2/O+IFAS (2008)
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Wuxi Lucun WWTP, Jiangsu
High SS/BOD5Low BOD5/TN
Low Temperature
Upgrade to Class ⅠA
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Process Upgrading of Lucun WWTP
Treatment Process selection
PrimaryTreatment
Screens: replacement, new fine screens
Pumping station; sand & grid removal
Primary clarifiers: equipment renewal, odor control, fermentation function
BiologicalTreatment
Modified A2/O system IFAS system for nitrification Carbon source and metal salt addition
Denitrification filters
AdvancedTreatment
Mechanical and Membrane filtration
Chlorine dioxide ; UV disinfection
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Primary Fermentation Clarifier System
Fermentation Clarifier
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Process for Biological Nutrient Removal
Modified A2/O Process
Excess sludgeReturn sludge
Influent Mixed liquor recycling
ClarifierEffluen
t
Anoxic/
Pre-denit.Anaerobic Anoxic
Oxic Zone
(nitrification)
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厌氧段
缺氧段
好氧段的填料区
好氧段的非填料区
回流污泥反硝化段
厌氧段
缺氧段
好氧段的填料区
好氧段的非填料区
回流污泥反硝化段
Upgrading of Lucun WWTP, Wuxi City
Layout of biological treatment process
Oxic Zone(low aeration)
IFAS system
Pre-denit.
Oxic or
Anoxic
Anoxic Zone Anaerobic
Return
SludgeInfluent splittingHRT: 0.5/0.5/4.6/4.6hour
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Upgrading of Lucun WWTP, Wuxi City
IFAS system to improve the nitrification
Biofilm carriersIFAS system
Steel Sieve
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Upgrading of Lucun WWTP, Wuxi City
Dosing systems for chemical
& carbon source
Mechanical filtration system
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Qingdao Tuandao WWTP
100,000m3/day
Operation in 1999
Strong wastewater
TN: 50–120 mg/L
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Qingdao Tuandao WWTP
Modified A2/O System
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Qingdao Tuandao WWTP
IFAS for enhancement of total nitrogen removal
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Upgrading of Chengbei WWTP, Wuxi City
MBR
OD
OD
Wetland
OD
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2010s: Tianjin Jinnan WWTP
Design Capacity:
First stage 550,000m3/day
EBNR
Water reuse
Phosphorus recovery
Annammox
Sludge digestion
Green design
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System Intergrading in Tianjin Jinnan WWTP
Five-stage Bardenpho550,000m3/d
Anaerobic digestion (10%solid)160DT/d
SystemIntergrading
Sludge
Phosphorus
recovery
Annammox
Dewatered Sludge
drying using biogas
Biogas purification
B-LNG
Side-stream2000m3/day
CO2 removal
Class ⅠAReclaimed
UF/RO
Hot water
SteamHot water
Boiler
Side-stream
Dried sludge
Struvite
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Thank you for your attention