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Cultural Diffusionand
Social Learning Strategies
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Advance of a leaned trait
Population: (N0, N+), (Naïve, Informed)
Individual Learning (IL) vs Social Learning (SL)
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Advance of a learned trait
Transition (N0, N+) (N0 – 1, N+ + 1)
IL: Rate Constant, Independent of N+
SL: Rate, per N0, Increases with N+
SL: Signature of Cultural Diffusion
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Individual learning: Cumulative
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Social learning: Cumulative
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Cultural diffusion: Human examples
End of 11th Century:St Robert Founded First Cistercian Abbey
Slow Growth in Number1115: St. Bernard, Abbey at ClairvauxGrowth Accelerated1155: 400 Monasteries
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Cistercians in Europe (Grubler 1997)
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Cistercians in Europe: Cultural diffusion
Monasteries Communicated
Advanced innovationsWater millWool manufactureAgriculture/Land clearing (Deforestation)
Cultural Change/Evolution
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Opposition to change: Luddites
Fear of new technologies
1811-1816: Luddites destroyed textile machinery
1830: Captain Swing, opposition to threshing machines
Rapidly advancing cultural values
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Captain Swing movement: Social learning
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Social learning of technology (Grubler 1997)
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Cultural diffusion: Non-human examplesReader & Laland (2000) Anim Behav 60:175
Gupppies: Learn Route to Rich Food Patch
SL: Following Past Opaque Partition
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Reader & Laland (2000)Not signature of social learning?
Females copied, and learned faster than did males.
Males mixed SL and IL.
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Social learning, cultural evolution
Common in HumansDemonstrated in Other Species
Chimpanzees, MacaquesWhale, Bird Song
Cultural Adaptation:Change in culture increases survival, fecundityNot as common
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Social learning strategies
Laland, K. (2004) Learning & Behavior 32:4.
Commonly assumed: Capacity for social learning adaptive
Gain InformationAvoid Cost of Direct Interaction with Environment
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Laland, K. (2004)
Model, Mimic Producer, Scrounger (Information)
More Social Learners Reduced InnovationInformation on Environment Not as Current
More Social Learners Fewer Individuals Interact Directly with Environment
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Laland, K. (2004)
Use Social Learning SelectivelyMix with Direct Sampling, Trial & Error
Need Strategy for Social LearningWhen?
Circumstances for Social Learning?Whom?
Which Individuals “Best” Information?
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Laland, K. (2004): When?
When Established Behavior (No behavior) Unproductive
Pigeons: Food in Cartons, Opened by Tearing Paper
Initially, Most Scrounge FoodScrounging So Common, UnproductiveThen, Individuals Learn Socially to Open Cartons
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Laland, K. (2004)
When Cost of Asocial Learning High
Searching for Resource Patches (vs Following)Risk of Acquiring Poor InformationIndividual Learning Hazardous
Gorillas: Elaborate Processing of Food Plants
Avoid Physical Defenses, Chemical DefensesIndividual Learning Costly
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Laland, K. (2004)
When Uncertain
Within-Generation Temporal VariationMatch Behavior to Current EnvironmentNo Obvious Cue to Environment
Rats: 2 Novel Foods – Copy Food Choice by BreathFamiliar Foods – Little Social Influence on ChoiceUncertainty Prompts Social Mimicry
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Laland, K. (2004)
Copy Whom?
Directed Social LearningIdentity/Phenotype of Demonstrator
Affects Pr[Social Learning]
Social Rank Age Association Relatedness Niche
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Laland, K. (2004)
Copy the Majority (Conformity)
Mate Choice Copying (Female Choice)Increase Variance in Rep Success of Other Sex
Copy Rare BehaviorStarlings, Parrots: Copy Song of Other SpeciesFemales Favor Complex Song Repertoire
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Laland, K. (2004)
Copy Successful Individuals (vs Successful Behavior)
Easy; Which Traits Imply Success?
Red-Winged Blackbirds: Socially Learn Food Preference,Demonstrator Becomes Sick/Stays Well
If Strategy Works, Neutral/Maladaptive Trait May “Hitchhike” with Successful Trait
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Laland, K. (2004)
Copy Dominants? Lacks Study
Copy Best vs Copy BetterCardinal vs Ordinal
Copy Good Social Learners (?)
Copy Kin – Common in NatureSame Alleles, Same RequirementsAdvantage