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Cultivating Interest in Allanblackia
Tony Simons, ICRAF, KenyaSII Training Course, October 2006
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1.Planting
2.Managing
3.Trials
4.Pilot tree planting
Cultivating Interest in Allanblackia
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1. Planting
1.What to plant (cuttings, seedlings, size)
2.Where to plant (farm, forest, community land)(shade/sun)
3. How to plant (design, planting holes, timing)
4. Motivation to plant
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Years to fruit
Size of tree Multiplication rate per year
Seeds 10-12 20-30m 5000
Rooted cuttings
- Tree stump
3-4 4-8m 200
Rooted cuttings
- Mother block
3-4 5-8m 4000
Marcots 1-2 4-6m 20
Grafts 2-3 3-4m 100
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Young tree with fruits
4.0m height12cm dbh5 years20 fruits
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Where to plant?
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Wet site Dry site
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no yes
Planting grafted seedlings
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Field planting designs
1. Single scattered trees (in crop fields, mixed tree systems, enrichment)
2. Line planting (borders, contours, crop fields)
3. Block planting (corner of farm, under-utilised land, community land)
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Single treebroad crown
Block of treesnarrow crown
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Single treenarrow crown
Block of treesnarrow crown
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Single treebroad crown
Single treenarrow crown
Allanblackia
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2. Management of trees
We have no concrete information on Allanblackia needs
- spacing- thinning- watering- pruning- fertilising- shading- microsymbionts
- What can we learn from similar species?- What is our expert opinion?- What do we want to investigate as we scale up?
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2. Management of trees
Similar species
Botanically – Clusiaceae (e.g. Garcinia)
Phytogeographically –Treculia
Tree form – Durio
Fruit size – Pouteria, Artocarpus
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Durio zibethinus
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6m x 6m spacing
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Annona
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Manilkara
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Treculia africana
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Artocarpus heterophyllus
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Kilograms of fertilizer per hectare of crop land
119 to 4,800
63 to 118
26 to 62
5.00 to 25
0 to 4.99
Cameroon – 4 kg/haGhana – 3 kg/haNigeria – 9 kg/haTanzania – 10kg/ha
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Nutrient content (kg per ha) for cocoa and AB
1 - Ghana national cocoa average (Joeffre, 2006)
2 – Allanblackia stuhlmanii average of 12 fruit; (Munjuga & Mwaura, unpubl.)
assumes 625 AB trees per ha, 30 fruit per tree, 3 fruit per kg seeds
N P K TotalsCombined
Totals
Cocoa
Seeds 21.1 8.6 30.8 60.5
127Pods 14 4.2 48.3 66.5
AB
Seeds 5 0.86 1.43 7.29
29Pods 15.3 0.96 5.46 21.72 23%
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Yellowing in wildings
- No fine roots- mycorhizae?
N P K
Green 1.63% 0.098% 1.58%
Yellow 1.3% 0.14% 0.83%
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Evaluation trials
Trials cost in terms of both time and money, so:
• Why is the trial needed?
• How many treatments do I need/have?
• What do you plan to measure? How often?
• Has anyone else researched this before?
• How long is the trial envisaged to last?
• What will the trial lead to?
• Can it be done satisfactorily on farm?
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Advantages of work on station • Ease of access, more frequent monitoring• Nursery is usually closer, planting done quicker• Better control of the conditions (water, weeds, etc)• Need for fewer replicates as less variable site• Better security (theft, interference, fire)• Fewer constraints on what is permissible• Gain understanding before going on farm• Trials can be larger and/or more complicated• Visitors can see many trials in one place• Often historical records (field and climate)• May have a conservation role (don’t over play)
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Disadvantages of work on station
• May be unrepresentative of farmers’ conditions
- lead to false conclusions for on farm work
- farmers don’t relate to it
- the control treatment may be misleading
• Can be expensive to maintain
• Researchers can be reluctant to close trials
• Default time fillers for labourers
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Types of trials
A. Species trials
B. Species/provenance trials
C. Provenance tests
D. Provenance/family trials
E. Family (progeny) tests
F. Clonal trials
G. Management trials
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Provenance tests
• expect 2-5 fold differences between provenances
• ensure seedlot has broad genetic base
(>30 parent trees)
• depending on objectives and species, then
need 100-400 trees
• is the material well documented?
• can you get more seed if it is needed?
• do you plan to convert the trial to a seed stand?
• where most G x E tests are done (interpret/use?)
• hard to do on farm
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Family (progeny) tests
• Used for calculating genetic parameters (s.e.)
- these are age, site, population, trait specific
• Used to identify best families (backward seln - cso)
• Used to identify next parents (forward seln)
• Used for phenology studies, breeding system
• Require >30 families, many more for family seln
• Generally require >20 trees per family
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Clonal trials
• To observe clonal differences for selection
• To determine clonal repeatability
• To determine any “c” effects
• Can be used for clonal seed orchards, if rogue
• Can be used to set up mother blocks, if rogue
• Good for mating system experiments
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Clonal Trials
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Fruit yield per clone of D. edulis planted 2000, Cameroon.
0
2
4
6
8
10
DE/M/102 DE/M/6 DE/M/79 DE/M/83 DE/M/86 DE/M/9 DE/M/98
Clone ID
Fru
it Y
ield
(kg
)
Frt_02 Frt_03 Frt_04
Mean fruit weight per clone of D. edulis, Cameroon.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Clone ID
Fru
it M
ea
n W
eig
ht
(gra
ms
) Mean Frt Wt_02 Mean Wt Frt_03 Mean Frt Wt_04
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Square plots (measured trees/total)
3 x 3 (1/9)4 x 4 (4/16)
5 x 5 (9/25)
6 x 6 (16/36)7 x 7 (25/49)
8 x 8 (36/64)
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Management trials
• careful to ensure relevance to on-farm conditions
• can investigate individual factors and interactions:
- spacing- thinning- watering- pruning- fertilising- shading- microsymbionts- topworking, grafting, budding- nursery carry-over experiments
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It is desirable if you can carry your blocking through
from the nursery to the field.
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Who is the farmer?
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Farmer surveys, Tanzania, TFCG (Aug 2004)• 5 villages around Amani Nature Reserve• all 110 households surveyed know the tree in Msambu• 79% of farmers have trees on their farms
21% no trees60% 1-10 trees14% 11-20 trees 5% > 20 trees
• only one farmer raising seedlings• 83% willing to plant if seedlings were available (at price US$0.05 to US$0.20)• all villages had small-scale nurseries • other tree species included Artocarpus, Cedrela, Grevillea• most seedlings sell for US$0.10 to US$0.25, coffee up to US$0.50• farmers who wanted to raise Allanblackia seedlings included:
17% sell all seedlings raised26% only raise enough to plant on their farms52% plant on-farm and sell excess5% undecided
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TARGET AREA = 200,000 farmers
Reach with info and germplasmSay 60%
% who test or adopt
% of early adopters ortesters
On a single farm
Maximumfinal areato Allanblackia
First testarea
Secondexpansionarea
Thirdexpansion area
calculate
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Village tree planting launch May 2006, Tanzania
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Initial tree planting in areas
Where communities already
sensitised in collection of
seeds
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Presided over by government officials- Explained well to communities
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District Forest Officer
Did first Allanblackia planting
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Then farmers dispersed to their farms to do the same
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Farmer planting Allanblackia in his/her own farm
- Paid US$0.15 after 1st year- Paid US$0.15 after 2nd year
- only if surviving
- advised farmers they are part of research effort, not for free
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Involvement of local
Forest officers is
important
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Ghana planting - FORIG
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AB planting in Ghana
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First cuttings weanedGhana
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Caution when transplanting
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Don’t plant seedlings too early
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Ideal seedling4 leaf nodes, > 20cm, no bent root, good root systemNo mycorhizae problem, no fungal leaf spot
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Use 1 to 2 litre nursery bags
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Can link up with other planting initiatives (e.g. Mars cocoa)
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5-50 trees per ha30 fruit per tree1st harvest 4 yearsFull harvest 7 yearsUS$1.50 per tree per yearReplace 25-40 years
Vision of small-holder production
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Vision
10m x 10m spacing
100 trees per ha
70% field survival
Average farmer 50 trees
Mix seedlings (%) & cuttings (%)
10-25m seedlings – fruit 12 years
4-8m cuttings – fruit 4 years
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16 month old seedling plantedon Harrison Adoo’s farm
Ideal for field grafting with female scion at next rains
Integration in agroforestry systems
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Task Timing Who? (and others e.g. Forest Dept)
1 Prepare nursery training materials Oct to Nov 05 ICRAF, ANR, TFCG, ARI, TAFORI
2 Training in nursery management Nov to Dec 05 ANR, TFCG, TAFORI, FM, ICA,
3 Prepare shaded nursery beds (3-4m2) Jan to Mar 06 Nursery operator
4 Collect and pre-treat seeds Dec 05 to Feb 06 ICRAF, ANR, TFCG, TAFORI, ARI
5 Distribute/ supervise sowing 15kgs pre-treated seeds Jan 06 to Mar 06 ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,Nursery operator
6 Water and monitor beds Mar 06 to Nursery operator, ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,
7 Check on progress and distribute polybags Mar 06 to Sep 06 ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,
8 Fill 200 polybags, prepare shaded 2-3 m2 shaded area Sep 06 & Mar 07 Nursery operator
9 Prick out germinants/emergents Sep 06 & Mar 07 Nursery operator; ANR, TFCG, TAFORI
10 Pay nursery operators on transplants (TSh 150) Oct 06 & Apr 07 ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,FM, INADES, ICA
11 Check on nursery progress Oct 06 onwards ANR, TFCG, TAFORI
12 Prepare cultivation guidelines Sep 06 ICRAF, ANR, TFCG, ARI, TAFORI
13 Identify and sensitise farmers to plant seedlings Nov to Dec 06 ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,FM, INADES, ICA
14 Collect and pay for seedlings (Tsh350) Mar 07 & Oct 07 ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,FM, INADES, ICA
15 Distribute seedlings, enter in agreements on subsidies Mar 07 & Oct 07 ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,FM, INADES, ICA
16 Supervise planting Mar 07 & Oct 07 ANR, TFCG, TAFORI
17 Monitor progress, back-up advice Mar 07 onwards ANR, TFCG, TAFORI,
18 Pay annual subsidy Mar & Oct 08 then annual x3
FM, INADES, ICA
Seedlings
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seedlings cuttings total
2006 5000 5000
2007 50,000 2000 52,000
2008 100,000 10,000 110,000
2009 200,000 20,000 220,000
2010 50,000 50,000 100,000
2011 10,000 100,000 110,000
2012 10,000 100,000 110,000
2013 5000 200,000 205,000
2014 5000 200,000 205,000
2015 5000 300,000 305,000
2016 5000 200,000 205,000
total 455,000 1,182,000 1,637,000
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Vegetative Propagation
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Vegetative Propagation
- Great start, well done
- assumption 50% survival (??)
- start monitoring and recording (0-82 shoots)
- re-assess how many will produce sufficient cuttings
- next aspect is central stock plant area (where?)
- when harvest first cuttings
- build propagators 1 per 3 sprouting trees (where?)
- lot of follow-up required
- explain reasons better
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Translate for Nigeria, Ghana
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Prick out leaders to get more bushy resprouts and hence more cuttings
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Don’t cut in dry season
or too high
or biggest tree
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Research on establishment, niches
-Where do farmers plant them?
- Average number planted?
- survival (%) after 1st, 2nd, 3rd years
- growth (height and diameter)
- effect of propagule type on growth (form, root structure)
- effect of initial propagule size on growth
- effect of shade on growth