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Crop Models for Decision Support
James W. Jones
University of Florida
November 7, 2000
Crop Models in Research and Practice:A Symposium Honoring Professor Joe T. RitchieAmerican Society of Agronomy Annual Meeting
Minneapolis, MN
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• Some Success Stories– Research and Technology Transfer (DSSAT)– Australian Applications using APSIM– Soybean Industry-Led Applications in the USA – Farmer-Led Applications in Argentina – Sugarcane Industry Model Uses in South Africa– Others…
• Characteristics for Success• Challenges• Trends
Crop Models for Decision Support
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Research & Technology Transfer• USAID Project, 1983-93 (IBSNAT)
• DSSAT, Field-Scale DSS - Biophysical Models (Crop, Soil, Weather), 17 Crops
- Risk Analysis (Biophysical and Economic)
- Data Entry and Manipulation Tools
- Utilities (graphics, data entry, management,…)
- Crop Rotation Analyzer
• GIS Spatial Analysis Products – GIS-DSSAT Linkage for Region Impact Assessment
– GIS Precision Agriculture Analyzer
• Targeted for use by Researchers
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Research & Technology Transfer: Process
• Network of research users testing and applying models
• Network of developers contributing models, analysis tools, utilities, & data
• Minimum data set defined
• Standard formats, protocols for use, exchange
• Packagers, maintainers, distributors
• Trainers
DSSAT - Developed by IBSNAT Project of USAID, 1983-1993
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DSSAT v3.5 screen showing DATA, MODELS andANALYSES sections. Data must be entered for weather, soil, and management before performing analyses.
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DSSAT Applications
• Climate Change Effects on Crop Production• Optimize Management using Climate Predictions• Interdisciplinary Research, Understand Interactions• Diagnose Yield Gaps, Actual vs. Potential• Optimize Irrigation Management• Greenhouse Climate Control• Quantify Pest Damage Effects on Production• Yield Forecasting• Precision Farming• Land Use Planning, Linked with GIS
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Impacts• Adopted by ~ 1500 researchers in 90 countries
• Impacts of climate change; used in > 8 national & international projects worldwide
• Hundreds of applications independent of developers
• Spawned teams on every continent, still active
• Validated systems approach for technology transfer
• Still in use
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Agricultural Production Systems Simulator
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Crop, pasture and tree modulesCrop, pasture and tree modules
• Maize• Wheat• Barley• Sorghum• Sugarcane• Sunflower• Canola• Chickpea• Mungbean, Cowpea, Soybean• Peanut• Stylo pasture• Lucerne • Cotton (OzCot)*• Native pasture (GRASP)• Hemp• Pigeonpea@
Currently available
• Lentil / faba beans*• GRAZPLAN*• Millet @
• Lupin*• FOREST #
Under development
* by arrangement with CSIRO Plant Industry
@ in association with ICRISAT
# In association with CSIRO L&W
From Brian Keating, 2000
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– Which crop to sow?– When to sow?– How much N to apply?– Which variety to sow?– What density?– Analysis of different starting conditions and
seasonal forecasts
Exploring what if questions:Exploring what if questions:
APSIM Applications
From Brian Keating, 2000
““Discussion Support System”Discussion Support System”
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Private Sector:United Soybean Board
GoalsGoals• Evaluate potential for practical, on-farm uses of
soybean model for decision support• Create a sustainable process for soybean
production technology transfer, tailored to specific fields for optimizing profits
• Integrate new research results into the system, enhancing its capabilities in ways important to farmers
• Researchers in eight states
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Early Experience• Overly ambitious• Under estimated time, complexities of process• Conflicting objectives in design• Changing computer technologies• Changing model• Failure of a first prototype • “… Can researchers really do this?”, But...• Input from farmers, industry provided guidance for
success
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What We Did• Packaged soybean model with data on soils, weather
access to provide information for:– production planning (planting, weed control, variety,
planting date, irrigation, profitability)– in-season decisions (irrigation, re-plant, yield forecast)
• Worked with farmers, farmer advisors, industry to refine design and test
• Independent evaluation by researchers in a number of states, and by industry
• Demonstrated value of approach for integrating new research aimed at specific problems identified by farmers
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PCYieldPCYield• Simple, targeted, graphical user interface• CROPGRO-Soybean simulation model• Field-specific data management• Internet access to weather data• Production risk indicators• In-season yield projections
– Compare varieties, planting dates, re-plant decisions– Irrigation timing, yield impacts
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All Needed Data Available
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Targeting Research to Fill Gaps: Ability to analyze commercial varieties
Develop and test methods for estimating genetic coefficients of new varieties as they are released, using yield trial data
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Georgia Variety TrialSoybean Crop Model Predictions
Bryan = 0.9255x + 249.76
Hutcheson = 1.1099x - 194.79
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
5-site Yield Average (kg/ha)
Vari
ety Y
ield
(kg/
ha)
Hutcheson Bryan
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Targeting Research to Fill Gaps: Precision Agriculture
The Problem: • Yield varies considerably in many fields• Spatially varying inputs and management may increase profits
and reduce environmental risksHowever:• Quantifying what caused yield variability in a specific field is
not easy• How does one determine how to vary management across a
field to optimize profit and meet other goals?
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598500.00 598550.00 598600.00 598650.00 598700.00 598750.00 598800.00
E
Observed 98 Yield (kg/ha)
4651450.00
4651500.00
4651550.00
4651600.00
4651650.00
598500.00 598550.00 598600.00 598650.00 598700.00 598750.00 598800.00
E
Predicted 98 Yield (kg/ha)
4651450.00
4651500.00
4651550.00
4651600.00
4651650.00
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
4200
4300
4400
4600
A. Irmak et al., 2000Keiper Field, Iowa
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Working with Industry for Adoption
Soybean yield comparison, Riffey Farms
1996: y = 1 2 .5 9 3 +0 .7 3 3 *x R2
= 0.78
1998: y = 1 1 .7 6 1 +0 .7 2 3 *x R2
= 0.79
O bs erved y ield [bu/ac re]
Pre
dict
ed y
ield
[bu
/acr
e]
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
0 20 40 60 80 100
1 9 9 6
1 9 9 8
A. Ferreyra et al., 2000Riffey Field, Illinois
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Characteristics of Successful Efforts
• Address issues of interest to targeted users (farmers, researchers, policy makers)
• Target users are clearly identified• Direct involvement of users, intermediaries (input, service
suppliers; extension, researchers)• Interdisciplinary teams • Easy access, use (usually by intermediaries, not farmers or
policy makers themselves)• Availability of necessary input data• Open process for evaluation, discussion, design, use• Model credibility, process to assess credibility
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Challenges• It is much more difficult than originally thought, even if models
were perfect• Models do not include many factors important for decision
support• It is difficult to include other factors, mainly due to difficulty of
measuring inputs needed for those factors• Are our current institutions adequate? • Complexity of upgrading models• Intellectual property rights• Public – private sector cooperation• Documentation, maintenance
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Trends• Industry interest, capabilities• Increasing capabilities for measuring inputs• Modular model design, software engineering• Balanced models with more components• Flexible designs for tailoring model to specific needs• Increasing student interest, contributions to
components• Long term investments in process• More cooperation in model development, evaluation• Internet tools
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Thank YouThank You
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Predicted Results
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Predicted growth: (1) Average of 10 years, (2) This year
(1)(2)
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• Yield• Soil type• Images• Pests• Elevation• Drainage• Fertility
Genetics Weather
• Causes of Yield Variability• Develop Prescriptions• Risk Assessment• Economics
Crop Models & Precision FarmingCrop Models & Precision Farming
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598500.00 598550.00 598600.00 598650.00 598700.00 598750.00 598800.00
E
Measured 96 Yield (kg/ha)
4651450.00
4651500.00
4651550.00
4651600.00
4651650.00
598500.00 598550.00 598600.00 598650.00 598700.00 598750.00 598800.00
E
Predicted 96 Yield (kg/ha)
4651450.00
4651500.00
4651550.00
4651600.00
4651650.00
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
4200
A. Irmak et al., 2000Keiper Field, Iowa
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ICASA International Consortium for
Agricultural System Applications
• Network of individuals and institutions
• Cooperating to facilitate development and application of systems approaches and tools
• To affect decisions & policies related to human interactions with natural resources
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Implications: Need for Toolkit• Models, Analysis Tools
– Projective, Exploratory, Predictive– Different scales, purposes– Building block, modular approach
• Data– Minimum data set, indicators– Standard formats, protocols– Natural resources, Socioeconomic
• Purposes – Assessment– Management, Decision Aids– Conflict Resolution
• Wide distribution, easy access• International effort, ICASA, CG Centers, etc.
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Georgia Variety TrialsObserved Data
Bryan = 0.8733x + 309.44
Hutcheson= 1.0914x - 145.15
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
5-site Yield Average (kg/ha)
Vari
ety
Yie
ld (k
g/ha
)
Hutcheson Bryan
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Model-Based DSS Tools
• Process (failure to include users from the start)
• Ownership (N.I.H. principle)
• Impractical data requirements
• Wrong problem or inadequate scope
• Cost vs. benefit
• Naïve developers
• Naïve funding agencies
Many are never accepted, used - Why?Many are never accepted, used - Why?
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APSIM - APSIM - Plug-in / Pull-outPlug-in / Pull-out modularitymodularity
From Brian Keating, 2000
Manager
Report
Soil pH
SoilN
Erosion
Surface Residue
ENGINE
Crop CCrop BMaize
Crop CCrop BCowpea
Soil P
Arbitrator
SWIM or
Soilwat