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Crohn Disease : from gene to therapy
Prof Jean-Pierre HugotHopital Robert Debré
Paris, [email protected]
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Gordon Oppenheimer, Burill B Crohn and Leon Ginzburg, 1969
From « BB Crohn, Life and Work », Falk Foundation 2000
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Treatments for Crohn Disease• Antibiotics• Probiotics• Nutritional support• 5 amino-salicylates• Steroids
• Immunosupressive drugs• Antibodies against TNF
and other chemiokines (IL12, ICAM, 4integrins)
• Pig parasites
Trichuris SuisTrichuris Suis
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Environnemental factor
Genetic factor
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Bouma G et al. Nature Rev Immunol 2003
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Y X
IBD loci
IBD7IBD3
IBD2
IBD4 IBD8
SLC22A4/5
IBD6
DLG5
CARD15
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Ibd1-Nod2-Card15
LRRTM ?NBDCARD 1 CARD 2
1 121 129 217 270 299 570 744 1020 1040
N ter C ter
NF-kBActivation
Oligomerisation Bacterial recognition
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Why to discover genes?
• To make a diagnosis • Before disease occurrence (if prevention
possible) or to avoid invasive procedures (sensibiility, sensitivity).
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Proportion of mutated patients (all non conservative variations *)
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
CD (n=453) UC (n=159) controls (n=103)
2 mutations1 mutation0 mutation
*except P268S
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Why to discover genes?
• To make a diagnosis • Before disease occurrence (if prevention possible) or to
avoid invasive procedures (sensibiility, sensitivity).
• To classify the disease (definition of disease subgoups)
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NOD2/CARD15 mutations are associated with :
• A younger age of onset
• A more frequent ileal involvement
• An higher complication rate• Lesage et al. Am J Hum Genet 2002• Vermeire et al. Am J Hum Genet 2002• Cuthbert et al. Gastroenterology 2002
• Hampe et al. Lancet 2002• Amhad et al. Gastroenterology 2002• Abreu et al. Gastroenterology 2002• Louis E et al. Gut 2003
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Why to discover genes?
• To make a diagnosis • Before disease occurrence (if prevention possible) or to
avoid invasive procedures (sensibiility, sensitivity).• To classify the disease (definition of disease subgoups)
• To develop a treatment• Gene therapy (in the future?)
• Pharmacogenetics
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Genotype/phenotype relationship : response to Infliximab.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
%
CompleteResponse(n=132)
Partialresponse(n=58)
No Response(n=55)
wild type
heterozygous
homozygous andcompoundheterozygous
Vermeire S et al. Gastroenterology in press
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Why to discover genes?
• To make a diagnosis • Before disease occurrence (if prevention possible) or to
avoid invasive procedures (sensibiility, sensitivity).• To classify the disease (definition of disease subgoups)
• To develop a treatment• Gene therapy (in the future?)• Pharmacogenetics
• Drug discovery (disease mechanisms)
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From Elson C.N Eng J Med 2002
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From Ogura et al. Nature 2001
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..can induce an inflammation?
How a defect in a proinflammatory molecule…
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CARD15 -/- mouse
Pauleau AL et al. Mol Cel Biol 2003
+/+
-/-
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Watanabe T Nat Immunol 2004
Interaction between TLR2 and NOD2
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How CD mutations induce the inflammation?
• A defect in the innate immunity induces an excess of response by the adaptive immunity which is deleterious for the mucosa.
• CD mutations are gain of fonction mutations (Maeda S Science 2005)
• CD mutations do not inhibit pro-inflammatoy pathways (Watanabe T Nature Immunol 2004; Chen CM J Biol Chem 2004)
• CD mutations no more activate anti-inflammatory pathways (IL10) (Netea MG Eur J Immunol 2004)
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Unpublished
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CARD15 immunohistochemistrynormal colon Crohn
Berrebi D et al. Gut 2003
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Card15 immunohistochemistry
Berrebi D et al. Gut 2003
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NOD2 and Paneth cells
Ogura Y et al. Gut 2003
Crohn normal ileum
Card15
Lysozyme
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Screening for Card15/Nod2 interacting small molecules
• Loss or gain of function?
• Which cell line?
• Role of MDP?
Toward a specific curative thérapy?
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Why to discover genes?
• To make a diagnosis • Before disease occurrence (if prevention possible) or to
avoid invasive procedures (sensibiility, sensitivity).• To classify the disease (definition of disease subgoups)
• To develop a treatment• Gene therapy (in the future?)• Pharmacogenetics• Drug discovery (disease mechanisms)
• Prevention (environmental factors)
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From Rose J et al. Gut 1988
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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FOR CD• Tobacco• Refined sugars• Fast-food and Cola• Microparticles• Tooth paste• Chewing-Gum• Margarin• Fibres• Backer yeast• Alcohol• Caffe• Corn-flakes• Curry
• Hot water• Refrigeration• Perinatal Infections• Infections in childhood • Antibiotics• Adenoïdectomy • Breast feeding• Life events• Oral contraceptives
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Commensal flora….
Or specific pathogenic bacteria ?
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Most popular infectious agents for CD
• Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
• E coli, • Y enterocolitica • L monocytogenes• Pseudomonas species
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Card15Specific bacteria?
Octn 1/2?
Dlg5? Flora?way of life
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