CRIMINALLAWJOHN L. WORRALL
University of Texas at Dallas
JENNIFER L. MOOREDeSales University
PEARSON
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CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Foundations
THE BASICS OF CRIMINAL LAWPreliminary
MODULE 1.3
Verdict 16Reaching a
MODULE 1.1Information 2LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Define crimeand criminal law. • Explain the differencebetween substantive criminal law andcriminal procedure. • Identify the goalsof the criminal law. • Describe thevarious classifications of crime. 2
• CORE CONCEPTS 2
Comparing Crimes to Civil Wrongs 3
Comparing Criminal Law to CriminalProcedure 3
Goals of the Criminal Law 4Offender Punishment 4Community Protection 5Offender Protection 7
The Classification of Crimes 8Felonies and Misdemeanors 8Malum in Se versus Malum Prohibitum 8
• YOUR DECISION 9
IBBB1II1ME1 Sources of CriminalLaw 10LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Identify thesources of the criminallaw. 10
• CORE CONCEPTS 10
Early Legal Codes 10
Common Law 1 1
Modern Statutes 12
The Model Penal Code 12
Constitutional Sources 13
• YOUR DECISION 15
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe theadversarial system. • Identify courtroomparticipants. 16
• CORE CONCEPTS 16
Adversary System 16
Inquisitorial Justice 17
Burden of Proof 17
Presumptions 18
The Prosecutor and the DefenseAttorney 19The Prosecutor 19The Defense Attorney 21
The Judge and the Jury 2 1The Role of the Judge 21The Jury 23
• YOUR DECISION 26
Organization 27LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Describethe structure of the U.S. legalsystem, including jurisdiction. 27
• I CORE CONCEPTS 27
Dual Court System 27
Court Levels 28
The Relationships AmongCourts 29
• YOUR DECISION 3 1
IBBHHl^BSl Learning CriminalLaw with Real and HypotheticalCases 32LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Outlinethe stages of a criminal case. • Explainthe practical meaning of averdict. 32
• CORE CONCEPTS 32
ix
Contents
Understanding Case Citations and How toLocate a Case 32
Making Sense of Court Cases 33Understanding the Parts of a Court
Opinion 34
Editing Cases for Readability 35
• COURT DECISION 36Briefing Cases 38
The Practical Meaning of
Verdicts 39
The Value of HypotheticalScenarios 39
• YOUR DECISION 40
2 LIMITATIONS ON THE CRIMINALLAW 46
Q Q E ^ ^ ^ ^ S l Government'sLaw-Making Authority and GeneralLimitations on the Criminal Law 47LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Explain how theseparation of powers and federalism limitthe government's law-makingauthority. • Describe the principle oflegality. • Describe the principle oflenity. 47
• CORE CONCEPTS 47
Government's Law-Making Authority 47Separation of Powers 47Federalism 48
General Limitations on the CriminalLaw 50Legality 51
Lenity 51
• COURT DECISION 5 1
• YOUR DECISION 54
I f iMd l l lMJ ConstitutionalLimitations on the Criminal Law,Part 1 55LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe theFourteenth Amendment's equal protectionclause. • Summarize the prohibition of
ex post facto laws and bills ofattainder. • Summarize the void forvagueness principle. • Explain the voidfor overbreadth doctrine. 55
• CORE CONCEPTS 56
Equal Protection 56Standards of Scrutiny in Equal Protection
Cases 58
• COURT DECISION 59
The Ex Post Facto Law Prohibition 62
Void for Vagueness 65Obscenity Cases 65
Loitering and Vagrancy 66
The Void for Overbreadth Doctrine 68Seditious Speech and Libel 69
Fighting Words and Threats to the
Peace 69
• COURT DECISION 71Group Libel 73
• YOUR DECISION 74
ESQ39DEEH ConstitutionalLimitations on the Criminal Law,Part 2 75LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe theprotections against cruel and unusualpunishment. • Explain the guaranteeagainst double jeopardy. 75
H CORE CONCEPTS 75
Cruel and Unusual Punishment 75Death Penalty Cases 76
• COURT DECISION 78Sentence Length and the Eighth
Amendment 81
Double Jeopardy 82When Double Jeopardy Protection
Applies 82
The Blockburger Rule 83
When Double Jeopardy Protection Does
Not Apply 84
Double Jeopardy and Sentencing 85
• YOUR DECISION 86
Contents xi
THE ELEMENTS OF CRIMINALLIABILITY 90
I f iMJIIMcKl Introduction to
Offense Types 91
LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Explain the
difference between conduct and result
crimes. 9 1
M CORE CONCEPTS 9 1
Offense Types 92Conduct Crimes 92
Result Crimes 92
• YOUR DECISION 92
IflttMUIJgEl The Core Elements
of Criminal Liability, Part 1:
Actus Reus 93
LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Explainactus reus and what constitutes acriminal act. 93
M CORE CONCEPTS 93
Actus Reus 93Voluntary Act 93
• COURT DECISION 94
Omission 97
• COURT DECISION 99
Model Penal Code 103
• YOUR DECISION 103
lAMJIIHclcl The Core Elements
of Criminal Liability, Part 2: Mens
Rea and Concurrence 104
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Explain
mens rea and the different types of
intent. • Distinguish between mens rea
and motive. • Identify strict liability
offenses. • Summarize concurrence. 104
• I CORE CONCEPTS 104
Mens Rea 104Traditional and Statutory Mens Rea 105
Common Mens Rea Terminology 105The Role of Motive 109Proving Mens Rea 109
Model Penal Code Definitions 110Strict Liability 110
• COURT DECISION 112
Concurrence 115
• YOUR DECISION 115
U M i W U c g l Other Elements of
Criminal Liability 116
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Explaincausation. • Identify a situation inwhich a circumstantial element isan element of criminalliability. 116
• i CORE CONCEPTS 117
Causation 117Factual Causation 118
Legal Causation 119
Circumstantial Element 122
• YOUR DECISION 122
liMtiJIIUcU Ignorance andMistake 123LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Distinguish
between ignorance of the law and
mistake. 123
M CORE CONCEPTS 123
Ignorance of the Law 124
Examples of Ignorance 124
Mistake 126
• COURT DECISION 126
When Ignorance or Mistake Can Serve asa Defense 129
• YOUR DECISION 131
SECTION 2 Defenses to CriminalLiabilityJUSTIFICATION DEFENSES 135
mil M QIH ̂ E H B JUSXITICailOn
Defenses in Context 136LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Distinguishamong failure of proof, justification, andexcuse defenses. • Explain thedifferences between nonexculpatorydefenses and offense modifications.
xii Contents
• Explain the difference between aperfect defense and an imperfectdefense. • Identify three reasons forjustification defenses. 136
• CORE CONCEPTS 136
Overview of Defenses 136Failure of Proof 137
Justification 137
Excuse 138
Offense Modifications 138
Nonexculpatory Defenses 139
Perfect and Imperfect Defenses 1 4 1
Reasons for Justification Defenses 1 4 1Public Benefit 142
Superior Interest 142
Moral Rights 142
• YOUR DECISION 143
•flHimnrfWSl Self-Defense andDefense of Others 144LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Summarize thedefense of self-defense. • Identify recentdevelopments have complicated the lawof self-defense. 144
• CORE CONCEPTS 144
Elements of Self-Defense 144Unprovoked Attack 145
Imminent Danger 146
Absence of Alternatives 147
Proportionality 147
The Model Penal Code Approach 148
• COURT DECISION 148
Self-Defense Complications 151The "Castle Doctrine" 151
Battered Woman Syndrome 152
Resisting Unlawful Arrest 153
Defense of Others 154
• COURT DECISION 155
• YOUR DECISION 158
•flMiiiiiadHEl Defense of Property
and Habitation 159LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Distinguishbetween defense of habitation anddefense of property. • Compare and
contrast "make my day" laws and thecastle doctrine. 159
• CORE CONCEPTS 159
Defense of Property 159Threatening Deadly Force 160
Defense of Habitation 160"Make My Day" Laws 161
Spring Guns and Booby Traps 162
The Model Penal Code Approach 163
• YOUR DECISION 163
Enforcement 164LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Explain the lawenforcement defense. 164
H CORE CONCEPTS 164
Nondeadly Force 165
Deadly Force 166Present Dangerousness 167
Past Dangerousness 167
Federal Policy 168
Model Penal Code 168
• YOUR DECISION 169
^^^^^^^^^^^9 Necessity andConsent 170LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thenecessity defense. • Explain the defenseof consent. 170
• CORE CONCEPTS 170
Necessity 170Necessity and Homicide 171
• COURT DECISION 171
Model Penal Code 174
Consent 175
• YOUR DECISION 176
EXCUSE DEFENSES 180i f f lnmiHJW Excuse Defensesand Duress 181LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Explain thereasons for excuse defenses. *Summarize the conditions of the defenseof duress. 1 8 1
Contents xiii
MODULE 5.2
• CORE CONCEPTS 1 8 1
Reasons for Excuse Defenses 181
Duress 182Duress versus Necessity 182
Elements of the Defense 183Duress and Homicide 184
Complications for Duress 185Prison Escapes 185The Return of Battered Woman
Syndrome 186
Model Penal Code 187
• YOUR DECISION 187
Intoxication 188LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Describe theintoxication defense. 188
• I CORE CONCEPTS 188
How Intoxication Overlaps with OtherDefenses 189
Voluntary Intoxication 189
• COURT DECISION 190
Involuntary Intoxication 193
Model Penal Code 194
• YOUR DECISION 195
I L I M I I I I W H M Entrapment 196LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Summarizewhat constitutes entrapment. • Explainhow entrapment relates to dueprocess. 196
• CORE CONCEPTS 196
Nature of the Defense 196
Entrapment and Due Process 198
• YOUR DECISION 199
IAM.IIHJHE1 Age 200LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Summarizedefenses based on ageimmaturity. • Summarize methods bywhich some courts treat juveniles asadults. 200
• CORE CONCEPTS 200
• COURT DECISION 2 0 1
Treating Juveniles as Adults 204
Legislative Exclusion 204Waiver 204
Concurrent Jurisdiction 206
• YOUR DECISION 207
IAMJIHJ3E1 Insanity 207LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Distinguishinsanity from competency to stand trialand diminished capacity. • Describethe insanity defense and the controversysurrounding it. • Explain the effectof a successful insanitydefense. 207
• CORE CONCEPTS 208
Competency to Stand Trial versus theInsanity Defense 208
Insanity versus DiminishedCapacity 209Diminished Capacity and Partial
Responsibility 209
Insanity Tests 210The M'Naghten Test 210
The "Irresistible Impulse" Test 212The Model Penal Code Test 212The Product Test 212
The Federal Test 213
The Real Effect of a Successful InsanityDefense 213
The Move toward Abolition 214Guilty but Mentally 111 215
• YOUR DECISION 216
•fluitiiiBMigSI Creative
Excuses 218LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Distinguishamong and offer examples ofphysiological, psychological, andsociological excuse defenses. 218
• CORE CONCEPTS 218
Excuses Based on Physiology 218
Excuses Based on Psychology 219
Sociological Excuses 220
• COURT DECISION 2 2 1
• YOUR DECISION 225
xiv Contents
SECTION 3 Multiple Offendersand Inchoate Crimes
COMPLICITY AND VICARIOUSLIABILITY 229
ISMJIIUsBI Introduction toAccomplice Liability 230LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Distinguishbetween complicity andconspiracy. • Identify the parties tocrime, including principals, accomplices,and accessories. 230
I CORE CONCEPTS 230
230Common Law Parties to a CrimePrincipal in the First Degree 231
Principal in the Second Degree 231
Accessory before the Fact 231
Accessory after the Fact 232
Parties to a Crime Today 232Accomplices 233
Accessories 233
• YOUR DECISION 233
lAMdimaEi The Elements ofComplicity 234LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Explain theelements of complicity. • Explain theelements of accessory liability. 234
• CORE CONCEPTS 235
Accomplice Actus Reus 235
Physical Conduct 235
Psychological Influence 236
Omission 237
Accomplice Mens Rea 238
Accessory Actus Reus 242
• COURT DECISION 242
Accessory Mens Rea 245
• YOUR DECISION 245
liSMJIIMJH Complicity Issues,Limitations, and Defenses 247LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Discuss someof the issues that make complicity lawcomplicated. • Summarize the
limitations of and defenses to accompliceliability. • Explain the Model Penal Codeapproach to accomplice liability. 247
• CORE CONCEPTS 247
Issues 247Nonproxyable Offenses 247
The Pretending Principal 248
The Meaning of Intent 249
What If the Primary Party Is
Acquitted? 250
Can an Accomplice Be "More Guilty" than
the Principal? 251
Limitations and Defenses 2 5 1Abandonment 252
• COURT DECISION 252Immunity from Conviction 255
The Model Penal Code andComplicity 256
• YOUR DECISION 256
Liability 257LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Explain the
concept of vicarious liability. 257
M CORE CONCEPTS 258
Corporate Vicarious Liability 258
• COURT DECISION 260Deferred Prosecution Agreements 263
Civil Law Developments 263
Individual Vicarious Liability 264
Parental Liability for a Child's
Behavior 265
Principal-Agent Liability 266
• YOUR DECISION 267
INCHOATE CRIMES 270I2Q3Q13Q9 Introduction toInchoate Crimes: Attempt 271LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Explain theconcept of inchoate crimes. • Explainthe relationship of attempt to thesubstantive offense. • Summarize whatconstitutes attempt. • Summarize thedefenses to charges of attempt. 271
Contents XV
• CORE CONCEPTS 271
Attempt 272
The Relationship of Attempt to theSubstantive Offense 272
The Mens Rea of AttemptResult Crimes 273
Conduct Crimes 275
273
The Actus Reus of Attempt 276The "Last Act" Test 276
The "Physical Proximity" Test 277
The "Dangerous Proximity" Test 277
The "Indispensible Element" Test 278
The "Probable Desistance" Test 278
The "Unequivocality" Test 279
The Model Penal Code
"Substantial Step" Test 279
• COURT DECISION 279
Defenses to Attempt 283Impossibility 283
• COURT DECISION 286
Abandonment 290
Model Penal Code 290
• YOUR DECISION 291
^^^^^^^^^^^3 Conspiracy andSolicitation 292LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identifythe elements and complications ofconspiracy. • Describe the defensesto conspiracy. • Describesolicitation. • Distinguishsolicitation from other inchoatecrimes. 292• I CORE CONCEPTS 292
Conspiracy 293Distinguishing Complicity from
Conspiracy 294
Advantages of Conspiracy Laws 294
The Mens Rea of Conspiracy 295Attendant Circumstances 296
The "Corrupt Motives" Doctrine 296
The Actus Reus of Conspiracy 297The Agreement 297
The Overt Act 299
Conspiracy Complications 300Types of Conspiracies 300
The Length of the Agreement 302
The Purpose of the Conspiracy 303
Conspiracy Under the Model PenalCode 303
• COURT DECISION 304
Conspiracy Defenses 306Abandonment 306
Withdrawal 307
Impossibility 307
Wharton's Rule 308
Solicitation 308Elements of Solicitation 309
Distinguishing Solicitation from Other
Crimes 310
• COURT DECISION 310Solicitation under the Model Penal Code 314
• YOUR DECISION 314
SECTION 4 Crimes AgainstPersons
8 HOMICIDE 319^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Q E O ^ I Introduction toHomicide 320LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Distinguishbetween criminal homicide andnoncriminal homicide. • Define humanbeing for purposes of homicide law. 47
• CORE CONCEPTS 320
Homicide Defined 320
What is a "Human Being"? 321The Beginning of Life 321
The End of Life 322
Distinguishing Criminal from NoncriminalHomicide 323
• YOUR DECISION 323
I^SQyQgQEl The Elements ofHomicide 324LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Distinguishbetween first-degree murder and
xvi Contents
second-degree murder. • Explainwhen the death penalty is an acceptableform of punishment for homicide.• Summarize the elements of voluntaryand involuntary manslaughter.• Explain the Model Penal Codeapproach to homicide. 324
• CORE CONCEPTS 324
Murder 325First-Degree Murder 325
• COURT DECISION 328
Second-Degree Murder 331
• COURT DECISION 334
Manslaughter 335Voluntary Manslaughter 336Involuntary Manslaughter 338
Homicide Under the Model PenalCode 339
• YOUR DECISION 339
IBBBIHUHBi Issues andComplications for Homicide 342LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Explain thefelony murder rule. • identify two typesof "mercy killings." • Explain corporationmurder. 342
• CORE CONCEPTS 342
Felony Murder 342Felony Murder Limitations 342
Situating the Felony Murder Rule within
the Context of Other Homicides 345
• COURT DECISION 345
Mercy Killings 348Physician-Assisted Suicide 349
Euthanasia 350
Corporation Murder 350
• YOUR DECISION 3 5 1
ASSAULTIVE OFFENSES 355Rape and SexualMODULE 9 .1
Assault 356LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Distinguishbetween rape and sexual assault. •
Summarize the nature and elements of
the crime of rape. • Summarize the laws
pertaining to the crime of rape. 356
• CORE CONCEPTS 356
Comparing Rape and SexualAssault 356Sexual Assault 357
Elements of Rape 357The Mens Rea of Rape 357
The Actus Reus of Rape 359
• COURT DECISION 361
Proving Rape 365The Disappearing Corroboration
Requirement 365
Rape Shield Laws 366
• YOUR DECISION 367
IflMiHHJJEl Robbery 368LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thecrime of robbery. • Distinguish armedrobbery from other forms ofrobbery. 368
• I CORE CONCEPTS 368
Elements of Robbery 368The Actus Reus of Robbery 369
• COURT DECISION 370
The Mens Rea of Robbery 372
Armed Robbery 373
• YOUR DECISION 374
ir iriTITtfn Assault andBattery 375LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thecrime of assault. • Describe the crimeof battery. 375
• I CORE CONCEPTS 375
Battery 376Elements of Battery 376Battery Classifications 377Battery without Assault 378Assault 378Elements of Assault 378
• COURT DECISION 379Levels of Assault 381
• YOUR DECISION 382
Contents xvii
MODULE 9 .4 Other AssaultiveOffenses 383LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thecrime of kidnapping. • Describe thecrime of false imprisonment. • Definecarjacking. • Identify and define twodomestic offenses. * Differentiatebetween harassment and stalking. 383
m CORE CONCEPTS 383
Kidnapping 383
False Imprisonment 384
• COURT DECISION 385
Carjacking 388
Domestic Offenses 389
Harassment and Stalking 390
• COURT DECISION 391
• YOUR DECISION 394
SECTION 5 Crimes AgainstProperty
1 0 PROPERTY DAMAGE ANDINVASION 399
Damage 400LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thecrime of arson. • Explain the elements ofcriminal mischief. • Explain theelements of vandalism. 400
• CORE CONCEPTS 400
Arson 400Arson at Common Law 401Modern-Day Arson 401Degrees of Arson 403
• COURT DECISION 404
Criminal Mischief 406Elements of Criminal Mischief 406
Criminal Mischief without Damage 407
Vandalism 408
• YOUR DECISION 408
Invasion 409
11
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Summarize theelements of trespassing. • Explain howtrespassing statutes have been used totarget illegal immigration. • Describethe crime of burglary. 409
H CORE CONCEPTS 409
Trespassing 410Elements of Trespassing 410
Creative Use of Trespassing Statutes 412
Burglary 413Common Law Burglary 413
Burglary Today 413
• COURT DECISION 415
Degrees of Burglary 417
• YOUR DECISION 418
l i lMi l imtHEl Property Damageand Invasion with Computers 419LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Define andexplain cybercrime. • Identify lawsaimed at controlling property invasion anddamage with a computer. 419H CORE CONCEPTS 420
Cybercrime 420The Jurisdiction Problem 421
• COURT DECISION 423
Property Invasion with Computers 425
Property Damage with Computers 426
Cyberterrorism 427
• YOUR DECISION 428
THEFT AND ANALOGOUSOFFENSES 4 3 1
wiiantnmmmn Larceny 432LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Identify theelements of larceny. • Summarize thelegal issues/complications that cancome up during a larcenyprosecution. 432
• I CORE CONCEPTS 432
Elements of Larceny 433Actus Reus 433
xviii Contents
• COURT DECISIONMens Rea 437
435
Larceny Issues and Complications 439Concurrence 439
Finders, Keepers 440
Claim of Right 440
Unwilling Sale 441
Stealing Stolen or Illegal Property 442
• YOUR DECISION 442
• f i n i w » » » t i Receiving Stolen
Property, Extortion, and
Embezzlement 443
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thecrime of receiving stolenproperty. • Describe the crime ofextortion. • Describe the crime ofembezzlement. 443
• CORE CONCEPTS 443
Receiving Stolen Property 443
Extortion 444
Embezzlement 446
• COURT DECISION 447Distinguishing between Embezzlement and
Larceny 449
• YOUR DECISION 450
• f l i t m i w w a False Pretenses,
Forgery/Uttering, and Emerging
Theft Offenses 451
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Summarize theelements of false pretenses and forgery/uttering. • Compare and contrast identitytheft and theft of intellectualproperty. • Explain the reasons for theconsolidation of theft crimes. 4 5 1
• CORE CONCEPTS 4 5 1
False Pretenses 4 5 1Elements of False Pretenses 452
Forgery/Uttering 453
Elements of Forgery/Uttering 453
• COURT DECISION 455
Identity Theft 457
Theft of Intellectual Property 459
Consolidation of Theft Offenses 4 6 1
• YOUR DECISION 461
SECTION 6 Other Crimes
1 2 PUBLIC ORDER, MORALITY, ANDVICE CRIMES 465
l A M J i m r a n Group Criminalityand Offenses against PublicOrder 466LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describe thecrimes of riot and unlawfulassembly. • Summarize legislativeapproaches to criminalizing gangactivity. * Describe six offenses againstpublic order. 466
• i CORE CONCEPTS 466
Group Criminality 466Riot 467
Unlawful Assembly 467
Gang Activity 468
Offenses against Public Order 469Resisting Arrest 469Disorderly Conduct 470
• COURT DECISION 471Breach of Peace 474
Vagrancy, Loitering, and Panhandling 475
• YOUR DECISION 477
• f l u n i w M M Vice Crimes and
Drug Offenses 478
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Describeprostitution and its legal status acrossthe United States. • Summarize the legalstatus of gambling. • Distinguishbetween alcohol and drug offenses. 478
• i CORE CONCEPTS 478
Prostitution 479
• COURT DECISION 479
Gambling 482
Pornography and Obscenity 483Definitions 483
Child Pornography 484
Contents xix
13
Obscenity on the Internet 485State Obscenity Laws 486Sexting 486
• COURT DECISION 486
Alcohol Offenses 489Driving under the Influence 489Consumption/Possession by Minors 490Public Intoxication 492
Drug Offenses 492
State Drug Laws 495
• YOUR DECISION 496•ni»iniiM»HBl Crimes againstDecency and/or Morality 497LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Summarizegovernment efforts throughout history tocriminalize morality. • Describe modern-day crimes against decency and/ormorality. • Summarize the means bywhich the criminal law controlsprofanity. 497
• I CORE CONCEPTS 497
Legislating Morality throughoutHistory 498
Incest 498
Indecent Exposure and Voyeurism 499
Bigamy and Polygamy 500
Profanity 502
• YOUR DECISION 502
TERRORISM AND OFFENSES AGAINSTTHE STATE 506
Terrorism 507MODULE 1 3 . 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Defineterrorism. • Identify several types ofterrorism. • Explain how the criminal lawcontrols terrorism. 507
• CORE CONCEPTS 507
Defining Terrorism 507
Types of Terrorism 508Other Forms of Terrorism 509
Controlling Terrorism 511The USA PATRIOT Act 512
• COURT DECISION 516Other Terrorism Legislation 519
• YOUR DECISION 521
•f luii i iHfiara Other Offensesagainst the State 521LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Distinguishbetween treason, sedition, andespionage. • Summarize sabotage andcriminal syndicalism. • Explain howother criminal law statutes can be used incases involving threats against thegovernment. 521
• CORE CONCEPTS 522
Treason 522
Sedition 523
Espionage 525
• COURT DECISION 525
Sabotage 528
Criminal Syndicalism 529
Targeting Threats Against the State withother Criminal Law Offenses 530Refusal to Testify Before Congress 530Trespass 531Disorderly Conduct 531Threatening the President 532Conspiracy and Related Offenses 532Extraterritorial Jurisdiction 533
• YOUR DECISION 534
Glossary 538
Case Index 546
Subject Index 550