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CP Presentation
Rania Abadeer, MD
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HPI
• 20-year-old white college student,
diagnosed with infectious
mononucleosis 6 months ago
• He recovered, but a follow-up CBC
revealed a hemoglobin of 9.3 gm/dl
and a reticulocytosis of 7.4%
• A direct Coombs test (direct anti-
globulin test) was negative, and liver
function tests normal except for an
indirect bilirubin at 2.5 mg/dl
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Physical Exam
• He is a healthy young man who has
minimal scleral icterus
• Non-tender liver with a vertical span
of 10 cm, and a soft spleen tip
which descended 4 cm below the
LCM with deep inspiration
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Labs
• WBC 6400
• Platelets 195,000
• Red blood cell indicies
– Hgb 10.8
– Hct 30
– RBC 3.2
– MCV 94
– MCH 34
– MCHC 36
– Retics 6.8%
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Labs- cont.
• LFTs normal except for indirect
bilirubin of 2.2mg/dl
• LDH elevated to 290
• Direct anti-globulin (DAT) test is
negative
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Peripheral Blood Smear
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Peripheral Blood Smear (cont’d)
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Peripheral Blood Smear (cont’d)
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Hereditary
spherocytosis (HS)
• Initially described in 1871
• Increased in persons of northern
European descent
• In the US: 1 in 5000
• Most cases inherited in an
autosomal dominant fashion
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Structure
• The RBC membrane is composed
of a lipid bilayer with associated
proteins
• This is linked to a protein network
“membrane cytoskeleton”
• This specific structural configuration
gives the red blood cell flexibility (to
squeeze through capillaries)
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Membrane Protein Defects-
resulting in spherocytes
• Spectrin deficiency alone
• Spectrin and ankyrin deficiency
• Band 3 deficiency
• Protein 4.2 defects
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Pathophysiology
• Spherocytes are rounded red cells
– Reduced surface membrane area
– Losing their ability to change shape
– Osmotically fragile compared to
normal RBCs
• Spherocytes, being less flexible than
normal RBCs, are destroyed in the
spleen, causing splenomegaly
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Diagnosis
• Clinical picture
• Low hemoglobin, high MCHC, and
high retics
• Increased indirect bilirubin, LDH,
low haptoglobin
• PBS with spherocytes
• Negative DAT
• Positive osmotic fragility test
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Osmotic Fragility Test
• Equal volumes of blood are placed in a
series of hypotonic solutions
• Allowed to reach equilibrium (24 hr,
37 C); centrifuged and the optical density
determined
• The RBC swells at 1.8x size
• Lysis occurs
• As the % saline decreases
further, the amount of lysis
increases
Normal
HS
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Alternative Tests
• Autohemolysis test
• Acidified glycerol test
• Pink test
• To specifically diagnose the protein
abnormalities of hereditary
spherocytosis, one must analyze
red cell membrane proteins in gels,
which separate proteins based on
size and change
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Spectrin Deficiency
• Alpha spectrin mutations are
associated with recessive forms of
HS
• Beta spectrin mutations are
associated with autosomal dominant
forms
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Ankyrin Defects
• Ankyrin is the binding site for
spectrin
• Translocation of chromosome 8
• Deletion of short arm of
chromosome 8
• In HS caused by ankyrin deficiency,
decrease in spectrin occurs (equally
diminished in 70% of cases)
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Band 3 Deficiency
• 10-20% of patients with mild HS
• Autosomal dominant
• Proportionate decrease in 4.2
content
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Protein 4.2 Deficiency
• Relatively common in Japanese
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Management
• Depends on clinical picture
– Splenectomy
– Cholecystectomy (bilirubin stones)
– Folic acid
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References
• Maggs, Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hereditary
spherocytosis, British Journal of Haematology 2004, 126, 455-474
• Delaunay, Molecular Basis for Red Cell Membrane Disorders, Acta
Haematologica 2002;108:210-218
• Shah, Hereditary Spherocytosis, Hematology, 2004;25(5)168-173
• Kjeldsberg, Practical Diagnosis of Hematologic Disorders, ASCP
Press, 2000
• American Society of Hematology
• CAP
• Emedicine