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Course in Molecular BiologyLeuven, October – November 2002
Program
I. Basics of molecular biology
II. Transcription
III. Translation
IV. Regulatory pathways
V. DNA and diseases
VI. Biotechnology
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Lesson 1: Basics of molecular biology
I. The Cell’s Organization
II. Cell Cycle and Cell Division
III. Cellular Molecules
IV. The Genetic Dogma
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The Cell’s Organization
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All organisms: 1 or more cells
PR
OK
AR
YO
TE
SE
UK
AR
YO
TE
S
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The animal cell
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A plant cell
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A bacterium
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The Main Functions of the Membrane-bounded Compartments of a Eukaryotic Cell
Compartment Main Function
Cytosol contains many metabolic pathwaysprotein synthesis
Nucleus contains main genomeDNA and RNA synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
synthesis of most lipidssynthesis of proteins for distribution to many organelles and plasma membrane
Golgi apparatus modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids for either secretion or delivery to another organelle
Lysosomes intracellular degradation
Endosomes sorting of endocytosed material
Mitochondria ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation
Chloroplasts (in plant cells)
ATP synthesis and carbon fixation by photosynthesis
Peroxisomes oxidation of toxic molecules
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Compartimentation of the eukaryote cell: various organelles
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Cell nucleus
Contains genetic information: DNA
Nucleolus:Ribosome building machine
Protein factories in the cytoplasm
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Each human cell contains 46 chromosomes (except sperm or egg cells)
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Chromosomesin a cell that is about to divide
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Mitochondria: factories of energy
glucose
O2
Pi
ADP
ATPH2O
CO2
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The endoplasmic reticulumsmooth (metabolism+synthesis of lipids)
rough (protein synthesis)
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The Golgi apparatus
cis trans
medial
processing of secretory proteins sorting cellular proteins
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Inside the cytosol: the cytoskeleton
“microtubules” maintainance of cell shape and mobility ancor for other cellular structures
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Cell Cycle and Cell Division
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Some Eukaryotic Cell-Cycle Times
Cell Type Cell-Cycle Times
Early frog embryo cells 30 minutes
Yeast cells 1.5-3 hours
Intestinal epithelial cells about 12 hours
Mammalian fibroblasts in culture about 20 hours
Human liver cells about 1 year
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The eukaryotic cell cycle
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Separation of sister chromatides during mitosis(mitosis = normal cell division)
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Microtubuli:assist chromosomes during cell division (mitosis)
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Different stages of the M phase during cell division (mitosis)
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The three DNA sequence elements needed to produce a eukaryotic chromosome that can be replicated and then segregated at mitosis
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Kinetochores and kinetochore microtubules
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Gametogenesis: meiosis(= specialized form of cell division giving rise to sperm and egg cells)
Me
iosi
s I
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Meiosis I (continued) Meiosis II
Cell division without DNA replication
Haploid cell
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Presentation: Chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis
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Cellular Molecules
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The four main families of small organic molecules in cells
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Macromolecules are abundant in cells
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The general reaction by which a macromolecule is made
Condensation reaction: H2O molecule is released
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The four main families of small organic molecules in cells
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Glucose, a simple sugar
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Monosaccharides
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Sugar ring formation in aqueous solution
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Disaccharides:formed by two sugar monomers
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Oligo- and polysaccharides
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Complex oligosaccharides
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The four main families of small organic molecules in cells
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Phospholipid structure and orientation of phospholipids in membranes
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The four main families of small organic molecules in cells
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A simple amino acid: alanine
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A small part of a large protein molecule
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The four main families of small organic molecules in cells
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ATP:the energy carrier in cells
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Various functions of proteins
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Proteins as polypeptide chains
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Three types of noncovalent bonds that help proteins fold
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The size of proteins
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Several levels of protein organization
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Many protein molecules contain multiple copiesof a single protein subunit
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Proteins often have highly specific binding sites
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How a set of enzyme-catalyzed reactions generates a metabolic pathway
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Phosphorylation and ATP hydrolysis drive protein functions
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Genetic information is stored in the DNA
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DNA and its building blocks
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DNA has an orientation
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DNA encodes proteins
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“Genes” encode proteins
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DNA replication
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DNA synthesis and proofreading
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Replication of eukaryotic chromosomes
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The replication fork in detail
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DNA replication can cause mutations
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DNA repair
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Mutations:possible cause of diseases and disfunctionalities
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The Genetic Dogma
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From DNA to protein
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Transcription by RNA polymerase
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RNA vs DNA
mRNAs codes for proteins
rRNAs forms part of the structure of the ribosome and participates in protein synthesis
tRNAs used in protein synthesis as an adaptor between mRNA and amino acids
Small RNAs used in pre-mRNA splicing, transport of proteins to ER, and other cellular processes
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Genes contain introns and exons
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Presentation:Heredity and inheritance