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Cotton, Slavery and the Old South
Chapter 11
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Early South
Upper South - tobacco
*market unstable
*uses up soil
*some shift to
Other crops
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Lower South:
Rice – possible in few places
Sugar – labor intensive, need $
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Many turn to Short-Staple Cotton
*Grows in variety of climates
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Problem:
Hard to get out seed
Production is limited by ability to clean cotton
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Cotton Ginby
Eli Whitney
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Cotton Gin solves final bottle neck in textile production, enough cotton
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Effect of IR on Cotton Production
1820 500,000 bales
1850 3,000,000 bales
1860 5,000,000 bales 2/3 of total exports
$200,000,000
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KING COTTON
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Cotton production in the deep South lead to shift in slave population away from Chesapeake region
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Southern Industry and Trade
Majority of trade in South due to cotton
Planters use a broker or ‘factor’ to find a buyer for the cotton
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Since the South had not developed a merchant class, most brokers were found in the North
South did not develop a complex banking system-often went to factor for loans
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Transportation limited
$ not put into canals and railroads
What track they have is not a network
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Why not a diverse economy?
*Lots of $ in cotton & other crops
*Legacy of Jefferson anti big city and industry
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James De Bow
*De Bow’s Review
*Economic Independence from North
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SOUTHERN SOCIETYSouthern Society
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Nottaway Plantation
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Percent of Southern Population that owned Slaves
5%
383,637
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Percent of Families that owned Slaves
20-25%
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LARGE PLANTER
•At least 800 acres
•At least 50 slaves
•2,292 owned over 100
•Top of society – have power
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Southern Women
*Less educated *Less involved *More subservient *More involved in farm
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Education
*Beyond basic ed only for sons of wealthy
*Many educated at military schools VMI
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Thomas Jackson
Stonewall
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Plain Folk
*Most small farmers
*Few own slaves *Connected to large planters:need access to Gins, markets, credit
*Limited chance of advancement
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Hill People
*Live in Hill country or backwoods-Appalachian/Ozarks *Subsistence farming *Dislike slavery and Planters
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POOR WHITE TRASH* ½ million *Worst land-few own land *renters, squaters *Hunt, forage, work as common laborer
LOVE SLAVERY
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THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION
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Slave Laws
*Can’t own property *Can’t leave w/o permission *Can’t be out after dark * Can’t congregate with other slaves * Can’t carry firearms * Can’t strike whites * Can’t testify against whites * Can’t teach slaves to read/write
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Cotton Gin increases value of slaves
A slave in 1800 that cost $200-300 by 1840 cost $500-1700
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Working conditions for slaves based on where you are owned & work performed
*large plantation vs. small farm*plantation vs. city*field vs. house
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About 250,000 free blacks in the South
Laws that restrict them *outlawed from certain occupations *can’t supervise whites
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Domestic slave trade important to the system
Need to transfer slaves to growing parts of the South
835,000 shipped to deep South from Chesapeake 1790-1860
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Planters need this trade but show guilt by assigning slave traders a low social position
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Justification of Slavery
1.Positive good
2.Necessary evil
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SLAVE REBELLIONS
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1800-Gabriel Prosser 1000 slaves
1822-Denmark Vesey
1831-Nat Turner Virginiakilled 60 whitesover 100 executed
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