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Costs to Achieve NNC Standards
Erica Stone, Ph.D.
September 11, 2012
Annual WateReuse Symposium
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Outline
• Background
– Florida AWT Definition
– Numeric Nutrient Criteria
• Cost Estimates
• Florida AWT Plant Performance
• US Plant Performance
• Where are we headed?
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Background
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Advanced Wastewater Treatment (AWT) has a Specific Definition in Florida
Parameter Annual
Average Limit
Maximum
Month Limit
Maximum
Week Limit
Total Nitrogen
(mg/L)
3.0 3.75 4.5
Total
Phosphorus
(mg/L)
1.0 1.25 1.5
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Florida Has Led the Nation for Decades in Use of Advanced Wastewater Treatment
Over 64 WWTPs with a
total capacity >500 mgd use
AWT processes
Bay County Military Point WRF
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AWT Treatment Processes Used in Florida
SBR 3%
MLE w/ SNDN 3%
Modified Bardenpho
49%
A2/O w/ DN filters 5%
Denitrification Filters
13%
Two-sludge 3%
Other 17% Bardenpho 7%
(December 6, 2006)
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NNC Timeline – I
• June 1998 – EPA published strategy
• December 2001 – FDEP began developing NNC to complement its narrative criterion
• July 2008 – Coalition of environmental groups filed suit against the EPA for failing to set numeric standards as required by the Clean Water Act
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NNC Timeline – II
• January 2009 – EPA declares NNC necessary for Florida to be in compliance with the CWA and sets deadlines
• August 2009 – EPA settles with environmental groups by agreeing to adopt NNC in Florida
• November 2010 – EPA signed final NNC Rule for inland surface waters for publication in Federal Register
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NNC Timeline – III
• April 2011 – FDEP petitioned EPA to withdraw determination for NNC in Florida
• June 2011 – EPA responded to FDEP’s petition supporting their continued efforts
• February 2012 – FDEP Rule signed into Florida law and submitted to EPA for approval
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FDEP Stream Regions
Nutrient Watershed
Region
TP
(mg/L)
TN
(mg/L)
Panhandle West 0.06 0.67
Panhandle East 0.18 1.03
North Central 0.30 1.87
Peninsular 0.12 1.54
West Central 0.49 1.65
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Parameter Minimum Criteria Maximum Criteria
TN, mg/L 0.51-1.27 0.93-2.23
TP, mg/L 0.01-0.05 0.03-0.16
Chlorophyll a, µg/L 6-20
Numeric Nutrient Criteria for Florida
Lakes…
Parameter Criteria
NO3 + NO2, mg/L 0.35
…and Springs
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Comparison of Max Pollutant Concentrations Allowed (Rivers and Streams)
Pollutant
National
Secondary
Limits
Florida
AWT
Limits
Rivers and
Streams
NNC
Lakes
NNC
cBOD5,
mg/L 20-30 5 - -
TSS, mg/L 20-30 5 - -
TN, mg/L No Limit 3 0.67 – 1.87 0.51 – 2.23
TP, mg/L No Limit 1 0.06 – 0.49 0.01 – 0.16
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Duration and Frequency
• AWT
– Annual arithmetic average
– Not to be exceeded monthly
• NNC
– Annual geometric mean
– Not to be exceeded more than once in a three year period
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Cost Estimates
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Background
• EPA proposed NNC for Florida
• Carollo was asked to prepare cost estimates for FWEA Utility Council
– Based on end-of-pipe discharge limits
– Use proven technologies
– Be site specific
• Original cost estimate for all POTWs
• Update for freshwater dischargers only
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Key Assumptions
• Low Estimate
– Includes freshwater dischargers
– Facilities in a county with a DIW can construct a new DIW
– Facilities with existing DIW were not included
– Facilities not meeting AWT have to upgrade to HLD if using a DIW
– All other facilities must upgrade to MF/RO with brine concentrator and crystallizer
– Facilities not meeting AWT have to upgrade to AWT if using MF/RO
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Key Assumptions
• High Estimate
– Includes Base List + Wetland + Wet Weather
– All facilities must upgrade to MF/RO.
– Facilities not meeting AWT have to upgrade to AWT.
– Facilities in a county with a DIW can construct a new DIW for concentrate disposal.
– Others must use a brine concentrator and crystallizer.
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FWEA Utility Council Cost Estimate
BNR
Effluent
Reverse
Osmosis
(NF/RO)
Microfiltration
(MF)
Product Water To AOP/Stabilization
Solids to
Disposal
Crystallizer Brine
Concentrator
Option 1
Option 2
Deep Injection Well
Co
nce
ntra
te
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Why was MF/RO chosen for some plants to meet NNC?
• Existing Florida AWT plants do not consistently meet NNC criteria for nitrogen and phosphorus
• A combination of BNR + MF/RO best represents the types of technologies that will be required
– DIW not viable in many parts of the state
• Most importantly, we selected technologies capable of meeting NNC that have been proven at large scale municipal wastewater treatment plants
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Cost Assumptions
Capital O&M
MF/RO $5/gpd AWT & MF/RO $1/1000 gal
Brine Disposal $3.10/gpd HLD $0.50/1000 gal
HLD $1/gpd Brine Disposal $3/1000 gal
DIW $1.10/gpd
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Cost Estimate
Estimate Source Included Plants
Project Cost
Annual Debt
Service
Annual Debt Service
(Include O&M)
Increase in Annual
Operating Costs
Yearly Sewer Rate
Increase per Customer
Original Florida Facilities With
NPDES Permits $24.4 B $1.6 B $2 B $433 M $673
Original All Florida Facilities $50.7 B $3.3 B $4.6 B $1.3 B $725
Updated
Base List Florida
Freshwater
Dischargers Only
$4.2 B $276 M $430 M $155 M $578
Updated
Base List + Wetland +
Wet Weather
Dischargers
$6.7 B $438 M $619 M $181 M $696
FDEP
Base List Florida
Freshwater
Dischargers Only
$4.2 B $271 M $456 M $185 M --
EPA $22.3-38.1 M
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FWEA Utility Council Cost Estimate
$0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
$0
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
DIW Only HLD + DIW MF/RO + Brine Concentrate
Disposal
AWT + MF/RO + Brine
Concentrate Disposal
Yearl
y S
ew
er
Rate
In
cre
ase p
er
Cu
sto
mer
($)
Pro
jec
t C
ost
($ M
illio
n)
Type of Upgrade
Project Cost
Yearly Sewer Rate Increase/Customer
(11) No. Facilities in Category
(11)
(17)
(14)
(68)
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Performance of
Florida AWT Plants
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Annual Geometric Mean – Effluent TN (Peninsula)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
A B C E F G H I J N O
An
nu
al
Geo
metr
ic M
ean
Eff
luen
t T
N (
mg
/L)
Facility
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
NNC Peninsular
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Annual Geometric Mean – Effluent TN (West Central)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
D K L P Q R
An
nu
al
Geo
metr
ic M
ean
Eff
luen
t T
N (
mg
/L)
Facility
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
NNC West Central
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Annual Geometric Mean – Effluent TP (Peninsula)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
A B C E F G H I J M O
An
nu
al
Geo
metr
ic M
ean
Eff
luen
t T
P (
mg
/L)
Facility
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
NNC Peninsular
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Annual Geometric Mean – Effluent TP (West Central)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
D K L P Q
An
nu
al
Geo
metr
ic M
ean
Eff
luen
t T
P (
mg
/L)
Facility
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
NNC West Central
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Performance of Plants
Across the US
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Annual Geometric Mean - TN
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
An
nu
al
Geo
metr
ic M
ea
n E
fflu
en
t T
N (
mg
/L)
Facility
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
North Central NNC
Panhandle West NNC
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Annual Geometric Mean - TP
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
An
nu
al
Geo
metr
ic M
ean
Eff
luen
t T
P (
mg
/L)
Facility
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
West Central NNC
Panhandle West NNC
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Where are we headed?
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Where are we headed?
• NNC Status Update
– Waiting for EPA to review FDEP rule
• On the horizon…
– FDEP triennial review
– Human Health Criteria (HHC)
• Based on drinking water and seafood consumption
• 87 compounds (mostly pesticides and DBPs)
• Lower than drinking water standards
• Lower than MDLs
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Questions?