Download - Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Chapter 3
3 - 1©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
Chapter 3
3 - 2©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Learning Objective 1
Understand the assumptions underlying cost-volume-profit
(CVP) analysis.
3 - 3©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Cost-Volume-Profit Assumptionsand Terminology
1. Changes in the level of revenues and costs arise only because of changes in the number of product (or service) units produced and sold.2. Total costs can be divided into a fixed component and a component that is variable with respect to the level of output.
3 - 4©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Cost-Volume-Profit Assumptionsand Terminology
3. When graphed, the behavior of total revenues and total costs is linear (straight-line) in relation to output units within the relevant range (and time period).4. The unit selling price, unit variable costs, and fixed costs are known and constant.
3 - 5©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Cost-Volume-Profit Assumptionsand Terminology
5. The analysis either covers a single product or assumes that the sales mix when multiple products are sold will remain constant as the level of total units sold changes.6. All revenues and costs can be added and compared without taking into account the time value of money.
3 - 6©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Cost-Volume-Profit Assumptionsand Terminology
Operating income= Total revenues from operations– Cost of goods sold and operating costs (excluding income taxes)Net income = Operating income – Income taxes
3 - 7©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Learning Objective 2
Explain the featuresof CVP analysis.
3 - 8©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Essentials of Cost-Volume-Profit(CVP) Analysis Example
Assume that the Pants Shop can purchase pantsfor $32 from a local factory; other variable costs
amount to $10 per unit.The local factory allows the Pants Shop to
return all unsold pants and receive a full $32refund per pair of pants within one year.
The average selling price per pair of pants is $70and total fixed costs amount to $84,000.
3 - 9©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Essentials of Cost-Volume-Profit(CVP) Analysis Example
How much revenue will the business receive if2,500 units are sold?
2,500 × $70 = $175,000How much variable costs will the business incur?
2,500 × $42 = $105,000$175,000 – 105,000 – 84,000 = ($14,000)
3 - 10©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Essentials of Cost-Volume-Profit(CVP) Analysis Example
What is the contribution margin per unit?$70 – $42 = $28 contribution margin per unitWhat is the total contribution margin when
2,500 pairs of pants are sold?2,500 × $28 = $70,000
3 - 11©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Essentials of Cost-Volume-Profit(CVP) Analysis Example
Contribution margin percentage (contributionmargin ratio) is the contribution margin per
unit divided by the selling price.What is the contribution margin percentage?
$28 ÷ $70 = 40%
3 - 12©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Essentials of Cost-Volume-Profit(CVP) Analysis Example
If the business sells 3,000 pairs of pants,revenues will be $210,000 and contribution
margin would equal 40% × $210,000 = $84,000.
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3 - 13©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Learning Objective 3
Determine the breakeven pointand output level needed to achievea target operating income using
the equation, contribution margin, and graph methods.
3 - 14©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Breakeven Point
Sales Variableexpenses
Fixedexpenses– =
Total revenues = Total costs
3 - 15©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Abbreviations
SP = Selling priceVCU = Variable cost per unit
CMU = Contribution margin per unitCM% = Contribution margin percentage
FC = Fixed costs
3 - 16©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Abbreviations
Q = Quantity of output units sold(and manufactured)
OI = Operating incomeTOI = Target operating income
TNI = Target net income
3 - 17©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Equation Method
$70Q – $42Q – $84,000 = 0$28Q = $84,000
Q = $84,000 ÷ $28 = 3,000 units
Let Q = number of units to be sold to break even
(Selling price × Quantity sold) – (Variable unit cost× Quantity sold) – Fixed costs = Operating income
3 - 18©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Contribution Margin Method
$84,000 ÷ $28 = 3,000 units
$84,000 ÷ 40% = $210,000
3 - 19©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Graph Method
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Units
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Total costs
Breakeven
Fixed costs
3 - 20©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Target Operating Income
(Fixed costs + Target operating income)divided either by Contribution margin
percentage or Contribution margin per unit
3 - 21©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Target Operating Income
Assume that management wants to have anoperating income of $14,000.
How many pairs of pants must be sold?($84,000 + $14,000) ÷ $28 = 3,500
What dollar sales are needed to achieve this income?($84,000 + $14,000) ÷ 40% = $245,000
3 - 22©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Learning Objective 4
Understand how incometaxes affect CVP analysis.
3 - 23©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Target Net Incomeand Income Taxes Example
Management would like to earnan after tax income of $35,711.
The tax rate is 30%.What is the target operating income?
Target operating income= Target net income ÷ (1 – tax rate)
TOI = $35,711 ÷ (1 – 0.30) = $51,016
3 - 24©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Target Net Incomeand Income Taxes Example
How many units must be sold?Revenues – Variable costs – Fixed costs
= Target net income ÷ (1 – tax rate) $70Q – $42Q – $84,000 = $35,711 ÷ 0.70
$28Q = $51,016 + $84,000Q = $135,016 ÷ $28 = 4,822 pairs of pants
3 - 25©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Target Net Incomeand Income Taxes Example
Proof:Revenues: 4,822 × $70 $337,540Variable costs: 4,822 × $42 202,524Contribution margin $135,016Fixed costs 84,000Operating income 51,016Income taxes: $51,016 × 30% 15,305Net income $ 35,711
3 - 26©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Learning Objective 5
Explain CVP analysisin decision making and
how sensitivity analysis helpsmanagers cope with uncertainty.
3 - 27©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Using CVP Analysis Example
Suppose the management anticipatesselling 3,200 pairs of pants.
Management is considering an advertisingcampaign that would cost $10,000.
It is anticipated that the advertising willincrease sales to 4,000 units.
Should the business advertise?
3 - 28©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Using CVP Analysis Example
3,200 pairs of pants sold with no advertising:Contribution margin $89,600Fixed costs 84,000Operating income $ 5,600
4,000 pairs of pants sold with advertising:Contribution margin $112,000Fixed costs 94,000Operating income $ 18,000
3 - 29©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Using CVP Analysis Example
Instead of advertising, management isconsidering reducing the selling price
to $61 per pair of pants.It is anticipated that this will increase
sales to 4,500 units.Should management decrease the selling
price per pair of pants to $61?
3 - 30©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Using CVP Analysis Example
3,200 pairs of pants sold with no changein the selling price:
Operating income = $5,6004,500 pairs of pants sold at a reduced selling price:Contribution margin: (4,500 × $19) $85,500Fixed costs 84,000Operating income $ 1,500
3 - 31©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Sensitivity Analysis andUncertainty Example
Assume that the Pants Shop can sell4,000 pairs of pants.
Fixed costs are $84,000.Contribution margin ratio is 40%.
At the present time the business cannothandle more than 3,500 pairs of pants.
3 - 32©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Sensitivity Analysis andUncertainty Example
To satisfy a demand for 4,000 pairs, managementmust acquire additional space for $6,000. Should the additional space be acquired?
Revenues at breakeven with existing space are$84,000 ÷ .40 = $210,000.
Revenues at breakeven with additional space are$90,000 ÷ .40 = $225,000
3 - 33©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Sensitivity Analysis andUncertainty Example
Operating income at $245,000 revenues withexisting space = ($245,000 × .40)
– $84,000 = $14,000.(3,500 pairs of pants × $28) – $84,000 = $14,000
3 - 34©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Sensitivity Analysis andUncertainty Example
Operating income at $280,000 revenues withadditional space = ($280,000 × .40) – $90,000
= $22,000.(4,000 pairs of pants × $28 contribution margin)
– $90,000 = $22,000
3 - 35©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Learning Objective 6
Use CVP analysis to plan fixed and variable costs.
3 - 36©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Alternative Fixed/Variable CostStructures Example
What is the new contribution margin?
Decrease the price they charge from $32 to $25 andcharge an annual administrative fee of $30,000.
Suppose that the factory the Pants Shop is using toobtain the merchandise offers the following:
3 - 37©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Alternative Fixed/Variable Cost Structures Example
$70 – ($25 + $10) = $35Contribution margin increases from $28 to $35.
What is the contribution margin percentage?$35 ÷ $70 = 50%
What are the new fixed costs?$84,000 + $30,000 = $114,000
3 - 38©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Alternative Fixed/Variable Cost Structures Example
Management questions what sales volumewould yield an identical operating income
regardless of the arrangement.28x – 84,000 = 35x – 114,000114,000 – 84,000 = 35x – 28x
7x = 30,000x = 4,286 pairs of pants
3 - 39©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Alternative Fixed/Variable Cost Structures Example
Cost with existing arrangement= Cost with new arrangement
.60x + 84,000 = .50x + 114,000
.10x = $30,000 x = $300,000($300,000 × .40) – $ 84,000 = $36,000($300,000 × .50) – $114,000 = $36,000
3 - 40©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Operating Leverage
Operating leverage describes the effects thatfixed costs have on changes in operatingincome as changes occur in units sold.
Organizations with a high proportion of fixedcosts have high operating leverage.
3 - 41©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Operating Leverage Example
Degree of operating leverage= Contribution margin ÷ Operating income
What is the degree of operating leverageof the Pants Shop at the 3,500 sales level
under both arrangements?Existing arrangement:
3,500 × $28 = $98,000 contribution margin
3 - 42©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Operating Leverage Example
$98,000 contribution margin – $84,000 fixed costs= $14,000 operating income
$98,000 ÷ $14,000 = 7.0New arrangement:
3,500 × $35 = $122,500 contribution margin
3 - 43©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Operating Leverage Example
$122,500 contribution margin– $114,000 fixed costs = $8,500
$122,500 ÷ $8,500 = 14.4The degree of operating leverage at a given level
of sales helps managers calculate the effect offluctuations in sales on operating income.
3 - 44©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Learning Objective 7
Apply CVP analysis to a companyproducing different products.
3 - 45©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Effects of Sales Mix on Income
Pants Shop Example Management expects to sell 2 shirts at $20 each
for every pair of pants it sells.This will not require any additional fixed costs.
3 - 46©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Effects of Sales Mix on Income
What is the contribution margin of the mix?Contribution margin per shirt: $20 – $9 = $11
$28 + (2 × $11) = $28 + $22 = $50
3 - 47©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Effects of Sales Mix on Income
$84,000 fixed costs ÷ $50 = 1,680 packages1,680 × 2 = 3,360 shirts1,680 × 1 = 1,680 pairs of pantsTotal units = 5,040
3 - 48©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Effects of Sales Mix on Income
What is the breakeven in dollars?3,360 shirts × $20 = $ 67,2001,680 pairs of pants × $70 = 117,600
$184,800
3 - 49©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Effects of Sales Mix on Income
What is the weighted-average budgeted contribution margin?
Pants: 1 × $28 + Shirts: 2 × $11= $50 ÷ 3 = $16.667
3 - 50©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Effects of Sales Mix on Income
The breakeven point for the two products is:$84,000 ÷ $16.667 = 5,040 units
5,040 × 1/3 = 1,680 pairs of pants 5,040 × 2/3 = 3,360 shirts
3 - 51©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Effects of Sales Mix on Income
Sales mix can be stated in sales dollars: Pants Shirts
Sales price $70 $40Variable costs 42 18Contribution margin $28 $22Contribution margin ratio 40% 55%
3 - 52©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Effects of Sales Mix on Income
Assume the sales mix in dollarsis 63.6% pants and 36.4% shirts.Weighted contribution would be:
40% × 63.6% = 25.44% pants55% × 36.4% = 20.02% shirts
45.46%
3 - 53©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Effects of Sales Mix on Income
Breakeven sales dollars is $84,000÷ 45.46% = $184,778 (rounding).
$184,778 × 63.6% = $117,519 pants sales$184,778 × 36.4% = $ 67,259 shirt sales
3 - 54©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Learning Objective 8
Adapt CVP analysis to situations in which a product has more
than one cost driver.
3 - 55©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Multiple Cost Drivers Example
Suppose that the business will incur an additionalcost of $10 for preparing documents associated
with the sale of pants to various customers.Assume that the business sells 3,500
pants to 100 different customers.What is the operating income from this sale?
3 - 56©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Multiple Cost Drivers Example
Revenues: 3,500 × $70 $245,000Variable costs:
Pants: 3,500 × $42 147,000Documents: 100 × $10 1,000Total 148,000
Contribution margin 97,000Fixed costs 84,000Operating income $ 13,000
3 - 57©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Multiple Cost Drivers
Would the operating income of the Pants Shopbe lower or higher if the business sells pants
to more customers?The cost structure depends on two cost drivers:
1. Number of units2. Number of customers
3 - 58©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Learning Objective 9
Distinguish betweencontribution margin
and gross margin.
3 - 59©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
Contribution Margin versusGross Margin
Contribution income statement emphasizescontribution margin.
Financial accounting income statementemphasizes gross margin.
3 - 60©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster
End of Chapter 3