Corruption, Social Activism and
Social Inclusiveness in Jamaica
Presenter:
Balford A. Lewis
• Corruption victimization and perceptions of corruption
• Level of support for selected modes of social activism
• Social inclusiveness and sense of social responsibility
Presentation Agenda
Corruption Victimization and
Perceptions of Corruption
Corruption victimization in 2014
EXC2. Has a police officer asked you for a bribe in the last twelve months?
EXC6. In the last twelve months, did any government employee ask you for a bribe?
EXC11. In the last twelve months, to process any kind of document in your local
government, like a permit for example, did you have to pay any money above that
required by law?
EXC13. In your work, have you been asked to pay a bribe in the last twelve months?
EXC14. Did you have to pay a bribe to the courts in the last twelve months?
EXC15. In order to be seen in a hospital or a clinic in the last twelve months, did you
have to pay a bribe?
EXC16. Have you had to pay a bribe at school in the last twelve months?
*This series of corruption victimization is converted to an index and then the percentage of
respondents who were victims is calculated.
In 2010 to 2014, reports of corruption victimization
are much lower than in 2006 and 2008
34.4%
24.6%
7.8% 7.5%
9.6%
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
Co
rru
pti
on
Vic
tim
iza
tio
n
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Year
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612)
Percentage who report being victim of corruptionin the last 12 months, Jamaica 2014
Corruption Victimization – Comparative Perspective
21.3%
20.1%
19.0%
18.0%
19.8%19.4%
0
5
10
15
20
25
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Corruption Victimization (regional percentages)
4.4%
5.3%
6.7%
7.8%
9.8%
9.8%
10.2%
13.6%
13.9%
14.7%
15.5%
15.8%
16.8%
18.8%
20.5%
20.7%
23.0%
23.3%
26.0%
26.4%
26.6%
27.2%
28.1%
30.2%
69.2%
Canada
Chile
Uruguay
United States
El Salvador
Jamaica
Trinidad & Tobago
Colombia
Brazil
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Guyana
Argentina
Panama
Belize
Guatemala
Honduras
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Peru
Venezuela
Mexico
Paraguay
Bolivia
Haiti
0 20 40 60 80
Corruption Victimization (2014)
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP, 2004-2014; v.GM14_0912
12.4%
6.7%
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
Co
rru
pti
on
Vic
tim
iza
tio
n
Male Female
Sex
12.4%
7.2%
8.7%
7.5%
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
Co
rru
pti
on
Vic
tim
iza
tio
n
KMA Surrey Middlesex Cornwall
Primary Strata
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612)
Percentage who report being victim of corruption in the last12 months by gender and place of residence, Jamaica 2014
Men and capital city residents report higher rates of
corruption victimization
Nationalaverage:
9.6%
Corruption Perception
Most Jamaicans believe corruption is commonplace and these
perceptions are stable over time
EXC7. Taking into account your own experience or what you have heard, corruption among public officials is:
(1) Very common (2) Common (3) Uncommon or (4) Very uncommon?
Very Common46.1%
Common44.8%
Uncommon7.2%
Very Uncommon1.8%
2014
83.785.6
81.7
75.2 78.1
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0E
va
lua
tio
n o
f P
ub
lic
Co
rru
pti
on
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Year
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612)
Perception of Public Corruption
66.3
74.078.2
81.3
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Ev
alu
ati
on
of
Pu
bli
c C
orr
up
tio
n
None Primary Secondary Post-secondary
Level of Education
75.677.8 77.2
80.979.2
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Ev
alu
ati
on
of
Pu
bli
c C
orr
up
tio
n
1 2 3 4 5
Wealth Quintiles
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612)
Average perception of corruptionby education and wealth, Jamaica 2014
No statistically significant differences across
education or wealth subgroups classes in terms of
corruption perception
NationalAverage:
78.1
There are also no significant differences in
corruption perceptions by gender or region
NationalAverage:
78.1
77.8 78.4
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
Ev
alu
ati
on
of
Pu
bli
c C
orr
up
tio
n
Male Female
Sex
79.5 73.6 77.9 78.2
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
Ev
alu
ati
on
of
Pu
bli
c C
orr
up
tio
n
KMA Surrey Middlesex Cornwall
Primary Strata
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612)
Average perception of corruptionby gender and region, Jamaica 2014
Tolerance for Corruption - Comparative Perspective
No67.6%
Yes32.4%
Paying a Bribe is Justified(Jamaica, 2014)
55.6%
38.7%
19.1%21.1%
32.4%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Paying a Bribe is Justified (Jamaica)
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP, 2006-2014; v.JAM14ts_v2_temp
EXC18. Do you think given the way things are, sometimes paying a bribe is justified?
(1) Yes (2)No
Level of satisfaction with the fight against corruption
18.9%
14.1%
19.1%
21.9%
12.9%
5.6%7.4%
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Not at All 2 3 4 5 6 A Lot
Evaluation of Administration's Handling of CorruptionSource: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP, 2014.
Levels of satisfaction with the fight against corruption have
decreased in recent years
30.3
60.9
43.742.8
40.4
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Go
ve
rnm
en
t C
om
ba
ts C
orr
up
tio
n
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Year
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612)
Average belief that government combats corruption in Jamaica
Support for Protest
Attitudes to Certain Illicit Acts
Average approval of participating in legal demonstrations decreased in 2014
E5. Of people participating in legal demonstrations. How much do you approve or disapprove?
76.7
68.9 71.373.0
66.1
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
Ap
pro
va
l o
f P
art
icip
ati
ng
in L
eg
al D
em
os
tra
tio
n
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Year
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612)
Average approval of participating in legal demonstration in Jamaica
Percentage Participation in Protest
3.1%
2.3%
2.9%
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Pe
rce
nta
ge
2010 2012 2014
Participated in a Protest
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP, .2006©\2014.; v.GM14_0912
Average approval of blocking roads during a protest increased in 2014
E15. Of people participating in the blocking of roads to protest. Using the same scale, how much do
you approve or disapprove?
21.1
23.725.5 25.0
36.3
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
Ap
pro
va
l of
Blo
ck
ing
Ro
ad
s d
uri
ng
Pro
tes
t
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Year
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612)
Average approval of blocking roads during protest in Jamaica
Increasing support for coup and vigilante justice
E3. Of people participating in a group working to violently overthrow an elected government. How much
do you approve or disapprove?
E16. Of people taking the law into their own hands when the government does not punish criminals.
How much do you approve or disapprove?
9.310.5
11.5
13.3
18.4
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
App
rova
l of G
roup
s A
ttem
ptin
g to
Ove
rthr
ow G
over
nmen
t
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Year
24.525.6
27.9
31.0
36.3
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
App
rova
l of V
igila
nte
Just
ice
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Year
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612)
Average approval of groups attempting tooverthrow government and approval of vigilante justice
Social Inclusiveness and Sense of
Social Responsibility
Average support for homosexuals having the right
to run for public office remains low in Jamaica
D5. And now, changing the topic and thinking of homosexuals, how strongly do you approve or
disapprove of such people being permitted to run for public office?
Recoded from 0-100, where 0 = strongly disapprove and 100 = the strongly approve
19.8
8.7
13.6
20.8
16.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Ho
mo
se
xu
als
Ha
ve
th
e R
igh
t to
Ru
n f
or
Pu
bli
c O
ffic
e
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Year
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612)
Average support for homosexuals havingthe right to run for public office in Jamaica
7.4
14.6
29.4
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
Ho
mo
sexu
als
Ha
ve t
he
Rig
ht
to R
un
fo
r P
ub
lic
Off
ice
Primary Secondary Post-secondary
Level of Education
13.0
18.9
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
Ho
mo
sexu
als
Ha
ve t
he
Rig
ht
to R
un
fo
r P
ub
lic
Off
ice
Male Female
Sex
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612) *No Education dropped: too few cases
Average support for homosexuals having the rightto run for public office, Jamaica 2014
Those with post-secondary education levels and females have higher levels of support for the right of
homosexuals to run for public office
D5. And now, changing the topic and thinking of homosexuals, how strongly do you approve or
disapprove of such people being permitted to run for public office?
Recoded from 0-100, where 0 = strongly disapprove and 100 = the strongly approve
Nationalaverage:
16
Levels of support for same-sex marriage in 2014 are
consistent with levels in 2012 and remain very low
D6. How strongly do you approve or disapprove of same-sex couples having the right to marry?
Recoded from 0-100, where 0 = strongly disapprove and 100 = the strongly approve
3.5
5.1
5.1
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Ap
pro
va
l o
f S
am
e-S
ex
Co
up
les
' th
e R
igh
t to
Ma
rry
2010 2012 2014
Year
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612)
Average support for same-sex marriage in Jamaica
10.5
16.0
18.0
18.4
20.1
25.3
31.1
31.7
34.4
34.4
34.5
34.7
35.9
36.9
40.5
46.0
49.1
49.7
50.3
59.7
60.8
66.3
71.6
78.2
80.2
Haiti
Jamaica
Belize
Guatemala
Guyana
Trinidad & Tobago
Panama
El Salvador
Bolivia
Paraguay
Dominican Republic
Nicaragua
Peru
Ecuador
Honduras
Venezuela
Colombia
Mexico
Costa Rica
Brazil
Argentina
Chile
United States
Uruguay
Canada
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0
Homosexuals Have the Rightto Run for Public Office
5.1
6.7
7.6
8.5
10.8
13.9
14.1
14.4
14.5
16.4
20.8
22.0
22.2
25.0
26.4
28.2
29.6
34.7
43.9
45.5
47.9
51.1
57.5
70.6
Jamaica
Haiti
Guyana
Belize
Guatemala
El Salvador
Honduras
Trinidad & Tobago
Nicaragua
Ecuador
Paraguay
Dominican Republic
Bolivia
Panama
Peru
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Colombia
Mexico
Brazil
Chile
United States
Argentina
Uruguay
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0
Approval of Gay Marriage
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP, v.GM14_0912
Two-thirds of Jamaicans believe abortion is
justifiable when the mother’s health is at risk
W14A. And now, thinking about other topics. Do you think it’s justified to interrupt a pregnancy,
that is, to have an abortion, when the mother’s health is in danger?
Yes, justified65.9%
No, not justified34.1%
Abortion Justified When Mother's Health is at Risk
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612)
Social and Environment Protection
Support for Government policy intervention to reduce poverty
6.6%
2.9%
6.6%
15.5%
15.9%
11.8%
40.7%
0
10
20
30
40
2StronglyDisapprove
3 4 5 6 StronglyApprove
Government Should Implement Policiesto Reduce Income Inequality (2014)
76.0 78.1 77.6
71.6
0
20
40
60
80
2008 2010 2012 2014
Government Should Implement Policiesto Reduce Income Inequality (0-100 scale)
95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP, 2014; v.JAM14ts_v2_temp
ENV1. In your opinion, what should be given higher priority: to protect the environment, or
promote economic growth?
(1) Protect the environment (2) Promoting economic growth (3) [Don’t read] Both (88) (98) DA
Protect the Environment27.0%
Promote Economic Growth52.1%
Both20.9%
Protect Environment or Promote Growth
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP, 2014; v.JAM14ts_v2_temp
Citizens’ Attitude to Domestic Abuse
Three-fourths of Jamaicans neither approve nor understand a
husband hitting his wife for neglecting household chores
DVW1. His wife neglects the household chores. Would you approve of the husband hitting his
wife, or would you not approve but understand, or would you neither approve nor understand?
Approve3.2%
Don't Approve but Understand21.2%
Neither Approve nor Understand75.6%
Approves of Husband Hitting Wife if She Neglects Chores
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612)
Only 69% of Jamaicans take a strong stance against
domestic abuse in the case of an unfaithful wife
DVW2. His wife is unfaithful. Would you approve of the husband hitting his wife, or would you
not approve but understand, or would you neither approve nor understand?
Approve5.6%
Don't Approve but Understand25.5%
Neither Approve nor Understand68.9%
Approves of Husband Hitting Wife if She is Unfaithful
Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612)
The End
Thank You
.
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