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IP SeminarDecember 19 2008
Copyright Limitations Contracted Out:Freedom of Contract vs. Co ri ht Polic
ca em c v sor: asa um
Presenter: KORK Boren
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Research Question:
What should be rioritized when
Freedom of Contract and Copyright
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S ecific Research Questions:
1. w y vCopyright Policy?
2. What happens when Copyright Limitationsare contracted away?
3. What should be the legal characteristic of
Copyright Limitations in the eyes ofContract Law?
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Pur ose and Methodolo :
z u : u vCopyright Limitations are vital to Copyright
y y uoverridden by the Freedom of Contract
z Methodology: Deductive and Inductive
Research based upon Comparative Studieson Laws and Policies o the U , EuropeanUnion and Japan
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Co ri ht as a Public Polic :
z ma e oa o opyr g aw:
Development of Culture
z Means to attain the Goal:
z
Policy: Delicate Balance of Interests
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Structure of Co ri ht Law:
z xc us ve g s
Economic Rights (Reproduction Right,
Adaptation Right, Right to communicateworks to the Public)
Moral Rights (Right of Disclosure, Right of
Paternit Ri ht of Inte rit
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Structure of Co ri ht Law:
z opyr g m a ons:
Inherent Limitations (fixed term of protection,
requirement of originality, idea/expressiondichotomy, first sale doctrine)
Exceptions to Exclusive Rights (reproduction
for private use, reproduction in libraries,repro uc on or e uca ona purpose,quotation, reverse engineering, etc)
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Facts:
z opyr g e ng expan e :
Article 20 of Berne Convention
Relaxation of conditions for protection(protection of information)
Creation of new rights (suis generis right on
data base) Contraction of Free-Use Space (by contracts)
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Facts:
z on rac as means o pu copyr g e
works into use
Copyright transaction
Contracts of standard form (shrink-wrap,- , -
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Facts:
z rapp ng n orma on n a con rac
Copyrighted and un-copyrighted elements
wrapped together in one contract Restrictive terms limitin / rohibitin acts
that would be otherwise permitted by
co ri ht law
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Facts:
z y w :
Technological protection measures and
the legal protection thereof Validity upheld by Courts:
* ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg, 86 F.3d 1447, 1449
7th Cir. 1996 .* Netwise v. NTS Computer, RechtbankRotterdam, 5 December 2002.
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Problems:
z y x v y x
z Balance failed
z Users rights violatedz Public Domain shrunk
z Goal not attained
z
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Theories:
z ree om o on rac :
Freedom to conclude or not conclude a
contract Freedom to choose the art to contract
Freedom to determine the content of
Freedom to choose a form of contract
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Theories
z enera m s o e ree om o
Contract:
Protection of fundamental rights
Principle of good faith
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Ar uments:
z ruc ure o copyr g aw rev se y
contracts
z Public ordering overridden by private
z
Public policy spoiled by individualinterests
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Ar uments:
the public (right to reproduce works for
-, ,
rights)
of democracy, freedom of expression, right to
et information, ri ht to educationz Detrimental effects of making fair-use rights
alienable
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Conclusion:
interests
Public Policy
z Mandatory Rules that cannot be overridden by
contracts.z Example of Belgium Copyright Law Article 23bis.
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Consulted Documents:
z Jacques de Werra, Moving Beyond the Conflict Between Freedom of Contract andCopyright Policies: In Search of a New Global Policy for On-Line Information LicensingTransactions: A Comparative Analysis Between U.S. Law and European Law, 25 Colum.J.L. & Arts 239 (Winter 2003).
z Lucie M.C.R. Guibault, Copyright Limitations and Contracts, An Analysis of the ContractualOverridabilit of Limitations on Co ri ht Kluwer Law International 2002 .
z Lucie Guibault, Wrapping Information in Contract: How does it affect the Public Domain?, inLucie Guibault and P. Bernt Hugenholtz (eds.), The Future of the Public Domain, KluwerLaw International (2006) .
z Mark A. Lemley, Intellectual Property and Shrinkwrap Licenses, 68 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1239.
z Maureen A. O Rourke, Drawing the Boundary between Copyright and Contract: CopyrightPreemption of Software Licenses Terms, 45 Duke L.J. 479 (December 1995).
z Niva Elkin-Koren, a Public Regarding Approach to Contracting over Copyrights, inEx andin the Boundaries of Intellectual Pro ert Oxford Universit Press 2001 .
z Niva Elkin-Koren, Copyrights in Cyberspace Rights Without Law? 73 Chi.-Kent. L. Rev.1155 (1998).
z Pamela Samuelson, Challenges in Mapping the Public Domain, in Lucie Guilbault, theFuture of the Public Domain, Kluwer Law International (2006).
z Thomas Finkelstein and Douglas C. Wyatt, Shrinkwrap Licenses: Consequences ofBreaking a Seal, 71 St. John's L. Rev. 839 (Fall 1997).