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Chapter TenConception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth
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Do You Want to Have Children?
• Social Influences Motivating Individuals to Have Children Family Friends Religion Race Government Cultural Observances
• Individual Motivations for Having Children
Individual motivations, as well as social influences, play important roles in making the decision to have children.
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Do You Want to Have Children?• Personal Choices: Choose to Have a Child
Without a Partner?
Problems with rearing children alone: Satisfaction of the emotional and disciplinary needs of the
child Satisfaction of adult emotional needs Satisfaction of adult sexual needs Lack of money Absence of a father
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Conception
• Conception/Fertilization
The union of a sperm and an egg resulting in a zygote.
• Pregnancy
State of carrying developing offspring within the woman’s body. Begins 5-7 days after conception.
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Problems with Conception – Infertility - 1
• Infertility
The inability to achieve a pregnancy after at least 1 year of regular sexual relations without birth control, or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth.
• Types of Infertility Primary: Woman has never conceived despite regular sexual
relations for 12 months Secondary: Woman has previously conceived, but is
currently unable to do so Pregnancy wastage: Woman has been able to conceive but
unable to produce a live birth
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Problems with Conception – Infertility - 2
• Causes of Infertility
Infertility problems may be attributed to the man (40%), the woman (40%), or both (20%).
• Psychological Reactions to Infertility
Not being able to get pregnant may be a psychological crisis, a grief experience, or an economic burden.
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Assisted Reproduction - 1
• Hormone Therapy
Drug therapies are often used to treat hormonal imbalances, induce ovulation, and correct problems in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
• Artificial Insemination
The introduction of sperm into a woman’s vagina or cervix by means of a syringe, rather than a penis.
The sperm may be from a husband (AIH), or a donor (AID).
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Assisted Reproduction - 2
• Artificial Insemination of a Gestational Carrier/ Contract Mother
A woman who voluntarily agrees to be artificially inseminated, carry a baby to term, and give up the legal right to the baby at birth to a couple or individual desiring such a baby.
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Assisted Reproduction - 3
• Ovum Transfer/Embryo Transfer
A procedure in which sperm is placed into a surrogate woman.
When the egg is fertilized, her uterus is flushed out, and the zygote is implanted into the otherwise infertile female partner.
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Assisted Reproduction - 4
• In Vitro Fertilization/Test Tube Fertilization
Procedure that involves removing the woman’s ovum and placing it in a lab dish, fertilizing it with a partner’s or donor’s sperm, and inserting the fertilized egg into the woman’s uterus.
• Other Reproductive Technologies Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
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Preconception Care
• Care to help ensure the development of a healthy baby during pregnancy. Risk assessment Interventions to reduce risk General health promotion
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Pregnancy -1
• The Developing Embryo
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Pregnancy - 2
• Pregnancy Testing
Signs of pregnancy may include a missed period, morning sickness, enlarged and tender breasts, frequent urination, and excessive fatigue. However, pregnancy is best confirmed by laboratory tests and a physical examination.
• Physical Changes During Pregnancy
Side effects of pregnancy are listed in the following table.
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Pregnancy – 3Table 13-1 Side Effects of Pregnancy
1st Trimester
Weeks 0-14
2nd Trimester
Weeks 15-26
3rd Trimester
Weeks 27-40
Nausea X
Vomiting X
Frequent urination X X
Leg cramps X
Vaginal discharge X X X
Fatigue X X X
Constipation X X X
Swelling X X
Varicose veins X X
Backache X X
Heartburn X
Shortness of breath X
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Pregnancy - 4
• Growth of the Embryo and Fetus from 2 to 15 Weeks After Conception
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Pregnancy - 5
• Amniocentesis
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Pregnancy - 6
• Prenatal Care and Prenatal Testing Ultrasound scan Amniocentesis
• Miscarriage
Miscarriage/Spontaneous Abortion
The unintended termination of a pregnancy
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Pregnancy - 7
• Psychological Changes During Pregnancy Stress related to physical issues Stress associated with ‘weight gain’ Stress due to concern for the baby’s welfare
• Sex During Pregnancy
Sexual desire, behavior, and satisfaction may change during pregnancy.
Although massive hormonal changes take place in pregnancy, no evidence links these changes to reduced libido.
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Childbirth - 1
• Stages of Labor
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Childbirth - 2
• Labor
Labor occurs in three stages, and although there are great variations, it lasts an average of 13 hours for the woman having her first baby (primigravida) and about 8 hours if the woman has given birth before (multigravida).
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Childbirth - 3
• Cesarean Childbirth
A surgical incision made in the woman’s abdomen and the uterus to deliver a fetus.
• Personal Choices: Hospital or Home Birth?
Although more than 95% of all U.S. births do occur in the hospital, some expectant parents are concerned that traditional childbirth procedures are too impersonal, costly, and potentially dangerous.
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Childbirth - 4
• Childbirth Preparation
Five essential elements of Lamaze: Education about anatomy and physiology Respiration techniques Conditioned relaxation Cognitive restructuring Social support
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Adoption - 1
• Who Chooses to Adopt a Child?
Characteristics of those who typically adopt are White, educated, and high income.
• Characteristics of Children Available for Adoption
Adoptees in the highest demand are infant, White, healthy children.
Older, non-White children with health problems have been difficult to place.
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Adoption - 2
• Same-Race Adoptions
In a study on transracial adoption attitudes of college students, overwhelmingly positive attitudes were found toward transracial adoption.
Data comparing children reared in transracial and same-race homes show few differences.
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Transition to Parenthood - 1
• Transition to Motherhood Postpartum Blues Choosing Priorities
• Transition to Fatherhood
The importance of the father in the lives of children extends beyond economic considerations into the children’s current and future physical and psychosocial health.
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Transition to Parenthood - 2
• Changes in a Marriage
Researchers disagree on the effect of children on a couple’s marriage.
Declines in marital happiness may be due to children or the passage of time.