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Unit 15
Ophthalmology, Endocrinology, and Medical Specialties
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Ophthalmology
• ophthalm/o = combining form for eye
• Examples:– ophthalm/ic = pertaining to eye
• ocular = pertaining to eye
– ophthalm/o/logy = medical specialty studying eye disease and surgery
– ophthalm/o/logist = physician who practices this specialty
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Ophthalmology
• Examples:– ophthalm/o/pathy = any eye disease
– ophthalm/itis = inflammation of eye
– ophthalm/algia and ophthalm/o/dynia = pain in eye
– ophthalm/o/ptosis and ophthalm/o/cele = herniation of eye
– ex/ophthalm/os = protrusion of eyeball
– ophthalm/o/plegia = paralysis of eye muscles
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Ophthalmology
• Examples:– ophthalm/o/meter = instrument for measuring eyeball
– ophthalm/o/scope = instrument used for examination of interior of eye
– ophthalm/o/scopy = process of examining eye with scope
– ophthalm/o/plasty = plastic surgery of eye
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Ophthalmology
• opt/o = combining form for vision
• Examples:– opt/o/metry = measurement of vision
– opt/o/metrist = one who measures visual acuity
– opt/ic nerve = cranial nerve for vision
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Eye Specialists
• Ophthalmologist– Medical doctor (M.D.) or doctor of osteopathy (D.O.)
– Physician specialist who treats eye diseases and performs surgery
• Ophthalmic technician– Special technician trained to assist ophthalmologists
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Eye Specialists
• Optometrist– Doctor of optometry (O.D.)
– Licensed practitioner limited to eye examinations and prescribing corrective lenses
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Vision Conditions
• How vision works:– Light enters lens of eye, is refracted, and image is focused
on retina
• -opia = suffix meaning vision condition
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Vision Conditions
• my/opia = nearsightedness– See close objects, but not distant ones
• hyper/opia = farsightedness– See distant objects, but not close ones
• presby/opia = loss of accommodation– Lens fails to adjust
• Especially for seeing close objects
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Myopia and Hyperopia
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Vision Conditions
• dipl/opia = double vision– Crossed eyes
– Both eyes fail to record same image on brain
• di/opt/er = unit of measurement of refraction in eye– Used to prescribe corrective lenses
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Vision Conditions
• phor/opt/er = instrument to determine prescription strength needed for corrective lenses
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Vision Conditions
• Defects that cause objects to appear different colors:– cyan/opsia = blue vision
– xanth/opsia = yellow vision
– chlor/opsia = green vision
– erythr/opsia = red vision
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Directional Terms in Ophthalmology
• Strabismus or squint– When eyes appear to be turned in abnormal position
• tropia = turning
• exo/tropia = eyes pointing outward
• eso/tropia = eyes pointing inward
• hyper/tropia = eyes pointing upward
• hypo/tropia = eyes pointing downward
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Esotropia and Exotropia
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Structures of the Eye
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Eyeball
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Eyelid
• blephar/o = combining term
• Examples:– blephar/o/ptosis = prolapse of eyelid
– blephar/edema = swelling of eyelid• edema = swelling due to fluid retention
– blephar/itis = inflammation of eyelid
– blephar/o/spasm = twitching of eyelid
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Eyelid Procedures
• blephar/o/tomy = incision of eyelid
• blephar/ectomy = excision of lesions on eyelid
• blephar/o/plasty = surgical repair of eyelid
• blephar/o/rrhaphy = suture of eyelid
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Eyelid
• Conjunctiva– Membrane that lines eyelids and sclera
• conjunctiv/itis = inflammation of conjunctiva– More than 30 types of inflammation
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Cornea
• corne and kerat = word roots
• corne/o and kerat/o = combining forms
• Examples:– corne/al = pertaining to cornea
– corne/o/ir/itis = inflammation of cornea and iris
– corne/o/scler/al = pertaining to cornea and sclera
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Cornea
• Examples:– kerat/o/rrhexis = corneal rupture
– kerat/o/scler/itis = inflammation of cornea and sclera
– kerat/o/tomy = incision of cornea
– kerat/ectasia = forward bulging of cornea
– kerat/o/cele = herniation or protrusion of cornea
– kerat/o/plasty = corneal transplant
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Lens
• phac/o = combining form for crystalline lens of eye
• Origin– Greek
– phacos = lentil• Shape of eye lens
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Lens
• Examples:– phac/o/cele = protrusion of lens
– phac/o/emulsion = removal of cataracts using ultrasonic device to emulsify eye lens for removal
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Sclera
• White, hard outer coat of eye
• Origin– Greek
– scleras = hard
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Sclera
• Examples:– scler/al = pertaining to sclera
– scler/itis = inflammation of sclera
– scler/ectomy = excision of all or part of sclera
– scler/o/stomy = formation of opening into sclera
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Iris
• Colored part of eye that helps regulate amount of light that enters
• ir/ides = plural form
• irid/o = combining form
• Examples:– irid/o/cele = protrusion or dislocation of iris
– irid/algia = pain in iris
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Iris
• Examples:– irid/o/malacia = softening of iris
– irid/o/rrhexis = rupture of iris
– irid/o/plegia and irid/o/paralysis = paralysis of iris
– irid/ectomy = excision of part or all of iris
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Iris Conditions
• ir/itis = inflammation of iris
• corne/o/ir/itis = inflammation of cornea and iris
• scler/o/ir/itis = inflammation of sclera and iris
• irid/o/ptosis = prolapse of iris
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Retina
• Layer at back of eyeball where images formed and sent to brain
• retin/o = combining form
• Examples:– retin/al = pertaining to retina
– retin/itis = inflammation of retina
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Retina
• Examples:– retin/o/scope = instrument used to measure refractive error
of retina
– retin/o/scopy = process of using retinoscope• Skiascopy
– Proper term for retinoscopy
– retin/o/pexy and retin/o/plasty = fixation or repair of detached retina
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Retina
• Macular degeneration– Deterioration of macula
• Area on retina near optic nerve
– Common cause of blindness in elderly
– Treatment for some types:• Intraocular injection of medication to slow progression
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Glaucoma
• Eye disease with increased intraocular pressure– Can result in blindness if not treated
– Three basic types:• Open angle
• Angle closure
• Congenital
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Pupil
• Opening in iris through which light passes
• cor = word root
• cor/e, core/o, and pupill/o = combining forms
• Examples:– cor/ect/opia = pupil out of place
– cor/e/lysis = destruction of pupil
– cor/ectasia = dilation or stretching of pupil
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Pupil
• Examples:– anis/o/cor/ia = unequal pupil size
– core/o/plasty = plastic surgery of pupil
– core/o/meter and pupill/o/meter = instrument for measuring pupil
– core/o/metry and pupill/o/metry = process of measuring pupil
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Ciliary Body
• Thin vascular layer that encircles inside of iris
• cycl/o = combining form
• Origin– Greek
– cyclos = circle
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Ciliary Body
• Examples:– cycl/o/plegia = paralysis of ciliary body
– cycl/o/keratitis = inflammation of ciliary body and cornea
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Animation
Click Here to Play Vision Animation
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Tears
• lacrim/ation = tearing
• lacrim/o = combining form
• Examples:– lacrim/al = pertaining to tears
– lacrim/al gland = gland that secretes tears
– lacrim/al sac = sac that collects lacrimal fluid
– nas/o/lacrim/al duct = means by which lacrimal fluid drained away
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Tears
• dacry = word root for tears
• Examples:– dacry/o/rrhea = excessive lacrimation
– dacry/o/cyst/itis = tear sac inflammation
– dacry/o/aden/algia = pain in tear gland
– dacry/o/cyst/o/ptosis = prolapse of tear sac
– dacry/oma = tumor of tear duct or gland
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Tears
• Examples:– dacry/o/py/o/rrhea = discharge of pus from tear gland
– dacry/o/cyst/o/cele = hernia of tear sac
– dacry/o/lith = stone in tear sac
– dacry/o/cyst/o/tome = instrument for incising tear sac
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Nails
• onych/o = combining form
• Examples:– onych/osis = any nail condition
– onych/oid = resembling fingernail
– onych/o/malac/ia = softening of nails
– onych/o/phagia = nail biting
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Nail Conditions
• onych/oma = tumor of nail or nail bed
• onych/o/myc/osis = fungus infection of nails
• onych/o/crypt/osis = ingrown nail
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Hair
• trich/o = combining form
• Examples:– trich/oid = resembling hair
– trich/o/pathy = any hair disease
– trich/o/glossia = hairy tongue
– trich/iasis = formation of hair
– trich/o/genous = promotes growth of hair
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Hair
• Examples:– trich/o/phobia = abnormal fear of hair
– trich/o/phagia = swallowing hair
• alopec/ia = condition of baldness– Types:
• Alopecia areata
• Alopecia congenitalis
• Alopecia medicamentosa
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Endocrinology
• endo/crine = secrete inside– Refers to glands that secrete hormones
• endo/crin/o/logy = medical specialty studying endocrine system
• endo/crin/o/logist = physician who specializes in study of endocrine system
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Endocrinology Combining Forms
Combining Form Meaningthyroid/o or thyr/o thyroid gland
thym/o thymus gland
adren/o adrenal gland
pancreat/o pancreas
oophor/o ovary
testic, orchid/o, or orchi/o testis
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Animation
Click Here to Play Endocrine System Animation
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Adrenal Glands
• supra/renal glands = alternate name– Due to location above kidneys
• Stimulate autonomic nervous system– adren/erg/ic receptors = activated by epinephrine,
norepinephrine, and adrenergic drugs• adrenergic = pertaining to adrenal work
• Epinephrine dilates bronchi– Used to treat asthma
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Adrenal Glands
• adren/o/corticoid = hormone produced by adrenal glands– Cortisone
• adren/o/pathy = any adrenal gland disease
• adren/o/megaly = enlargement of adrenal glands
• adren/o/lysis = destruction of adrenal tissue
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Thyroid Gland
• thyr/o/xine or thyr/o/xin = hormone produced by thyroid
• thyr/oid/ectomy = excision of thyroid gland
• hyper/thyroid/ism = overactive thyroid
• hypo/thyroid/ism = underactive thyroid
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Other Endocrine Terms
• test/o/sterone = hormone produced by testes
• thym/osin = hormone secreted by thymus that stimulates development of T-cells
• pancreat/itis = inflammation of pancreas
• oophor/oma = tumor in ovary
• testic/ular = pertaining to testes
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Steroidal Hormones
• Steroids– Lipid hormones
• Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone– Testosterone affects male libido
– Estrogen affects female fertility
– Synthesized from cholesterol in ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands
– Enter cell nuclei to affect cell function• Code ribonucleic acid (RNA) to produce proteins
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Non-Steroidal Hormones
• Protein-based hormones– Link to receptors on cell membrane
– E.g., insulin produced by pancreas• Insulin allows glucose to enter cells
• Lack of insulin can result in hyper/glyc/emia and dia/betes
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Blood Conditions
• -emia = condition of or in blood
• Examples:– isch/emia = blood flow interrupted
– transient isch/emic attack = temporary interruption of blood flow
• Usually in brain
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Blood Conditions
• Examples:– leuk/emia = blood cancer
– an/emia = reduction in RBCs
– hyper/emia = too much blood (in one part)
– ur/emia = urine constituents in blood
– hemat/ur/ia = blood in urine
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Trauma
• Wound or injury
• traumat/o = combining form
• Examples:– traumat/o/logy = study of wound care
– traumat/ic = pertaining to wounds or being wounded
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Trauma
Type of Wound Descriptionabrasion scraped skin
contusion bruise
avulsion accidental, forceful pulling out
fracture break or crack of bone
laceration cut or jagged wound
puncture penetration of pointed object
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Medical Specialties
Specialty Specialist Limits of Fieldpathology pathologist causes and nature of
diseases
dermatology dermatologist skin
neurology neurologist nervous system
gynecology gynecologist female conditions
urology urologist male conditions and all urinary diseases
endocrinology endocrinologist glands of internal secretion
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Medical Specialties
Specialty Specialist Limits of Fieldoncology oncologist neoplasms (cancer)
cardiology cardiologist heart
ophthalmology ophthalmologist eye
otorhinolaryng-ology
otorhinolaryng-ologist
ear, nose, and throat
obstetrics obstetrician pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium
geriatrics geriatrician elderly
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Medical Specialties
Specialty Specialist Limits of Fieldpediatrics pediatrician children
orthopedics orthopedist bones and muscles
psychiatry psychiatrist mental disorders
audiology audiologist hearing function
radiology radiologist diagnostic imaging and therapeutic x-ray
chiropractic chiropractor manipulation therapy
podiatry podiatrist foot conditions
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Cells
• phag/o/cyte = cell that eats microorganisms
• phag/o/cyt/osis = process of cell eating microorganisms– phag/o = to eat or swallow
• cyt/o/phagy = ingestion of cells by phagocytes
• macr/o/phage = large phagocyte
• micr/o/phage = small phagocyte
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Cells
• cyt/o/meter = instrument for counting cells
• cyt/o/metry = process of counting cells
• cyt/o/scopy = examination of cells
• cyt/o/stasis = stopping or controlling cells
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Miscellaneous Terms
• ambi/valence = having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas
• diplo/bacillus = bacillus that occurs in pairs
• diplo/coccus = coccus that grows in pairs
• eu/phoria = feeling of well-being
• dys/phoria = feeling of depression