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Copper Fate and Effects:Use of Copper Formulations as Algaecides and Herbicides in
Aquatic Systems
John H. Rodgers, Jr.
Ecotoxicology ProgramDepartment of Forestry and Environmental Conservation
Clemson University
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Why do we have problems?• Invasive and exotic
species move at unprecedented rates.
• We have changed the landscape – e.g. canals, reservoirs, stormwater detention basins, etc.
• Human population increase – algae / plant - people interface.
• Changing climate –globally
• Pressure on water resources.
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Problems Caused by Vascular and Nonvascular
(Algae) Plants• Aesthetics• Devalue property• Disrupt transportation• Taste and odor
problems• Impact fisheries and
endangered species• Impede irrigation• Human health• Interfere with water
resource usages!
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Problem or Not?• Aesthetics
(property value, tourism)
• Alter Water Characteristics(increase pH, decrease DO)
• Taste and Odor Problems(MIB, geosmin)
• Hinder Recreational Activities (swimming, fishing)
• Toxin Production(neurotoxins, hepatotoxins)
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Solutions for the problem
• Risk assessment – problem or not?• No decision / action vs. decision / action• Consider all available options• Implement viable option(s)• Monitor results• Modify approach if indicated
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Options for Remediation• Physical
-dyes, aeration, precipitation
• Mechanical-rakes, filters, harvesters
• Biological-grass carp, filter feeding bivalves, insects
• Chemical-Cu algaecides and herbicides
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Lyngbya wollei
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Copper Fate Concerns / Questions?
• All copper is the same!• Copper persists forever!• Copper has a lithic biogeochemical cycle!• Algaecide and herbicide applications are
pulse exposures!• All treatments are the same (area vs. whole
lake treatments; application technique)!• Copper partitions to cells and other ligands!
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Copper Effects Concerns / Questions?• Copper is an indiscriminant killer!• Target species and assemblages vs. kill them
all!• Algae spill their guts – leaky cells happen!• No margin of safety for nontarget species!• Sensitive life stages and behaviors adversely
affected (reproduction / spawning)!• Copper bioconcentrates, bioaccumulates
and biomagnifies!• Algae become resistant to copper!
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Copper Fate – All copper is the same!
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29
Cu63.546
Copper / Periodic Table• Lithic biogeochemical cycle• Nutrient• “Toxic heavy metal”• “Priority pollutant”• Algaecide/Herbicide
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Copper sulfate
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Copper-based Herbicides / Algaecides
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CopperSulfate
Cutrine-Plus Cutrine -Plus(Ultra)
Algimycin® Clearigate
% of Cu aselemental
25.4 9.0 9.0 5.0 3.8
Formulation CuSO45H2O Copperethanolamine
complex
Coppertriethanolamine
complexes
Chelates ofcopper citrate
and coppergluconate
Copperethanolamine
and D-limonene
Chemicalclass
copper salt Chelatedelemental
copper(Cu2CO3)
Chelatedelemental
copper
Chelatedcopper
Chelatedelemental
copper(Cu2CO3)
Appearance bluecrystalline
blue viscousliquid
blue viscousliquid
blue viscousliquid
blue viscousliquid
Physical properties of Copper Sulfate Cutrine-Plus, Cutrine-Plus (Ultra), Algimycin and Clearigate.
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Copper Fate – Copper persists forever!
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Copper fate – Copper has a lithic biogeochemical cycle!
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Copper Minerals
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Copper Fate – Algaecide and herbicide applications are pulse
exposures!
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Copper Fate- All treatments are the same (area vs. whole lake
treatments; application techniques)!
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Copper in Aquatic Systems
Sediment
Cu2+
Cu2+ Cu2+ Cu2+ Cu2+
Sorption
Dilution
Cu2+
AdvectionCuO
CuOH
CuCO3
Speciation CuCl
Clay S2‐Organic material
• Copper has a lithic biogeochemical cycle (US EPA 2006)• Aqueous half-lives 1-7 days after application (Reinert and
Rodgers 1987 and Murray-Gulde et al. 2002)
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Copper Speciation
Several environmental factors influence speciation and bioavailability of copper in aquatic systems including:
• pH • alkalinity• hardness• ionic strength • organic matter • redox potential
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Copper Fate – Copper partitions to cells and other ligands!
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degradation
SorptionPrecipitationPrecipitation
Sedimentation
Anaerobic bacteria (e.g. Desulfovibrio)
Aerobic bacteria (e.g. Thiobacillus)
Vascular and nonvascular
Plant detritus
Organic matter(CH20)
Possible Cu Species in treated waters
Cu+2 (aq) Cu+1
Cu(OH)2 (aq) CuOH+
CuCO3 (aq)Cu in sedimentsChalcocite (CuS)Covellite (Cu2S)
Sulfate
Oxidized S
S2-
SulfidesHS-
Coupling of copper, sulfur and carbon biogeochemical cycles
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Acid Volatile Sulfides
Collect composite sediment samples from each wetland
cell
Digest 10 g sediment with 6M trace metal
grade HCL
Collect Sulfides in
0.5M NaOH
Add Mixed Diamine Reagent and measure spectrophotometrically
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Sequential Extractions0.75g sediment sample
Shake sample 1-16 hr
Centrifuge sample
Collect supernatePreserve with HNO3 and analyze by AARinse sample with DI
Centrifuge sample
Collect Rinse Supernate
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Sequential ExtractionsSoluble Fraction
Fraction 1: exchangeable – weakly sorbed
Fraction 2: bound to carbonates
Fraction 3: strongly bound to Mn and Fe oxides
Fraction 4: strongly bound to organic matter or other oxidizable species
Fraction 5: residual fraction
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Hyalella azteca Toxicity Experiments
• 10-d static exposures• 10 organisms/vessel• Fed three 7-mm disks Acer
rubrum• Exposed to sediment
samples collected from treated and untreated areas
• Water collected from untreated area used as overlying water
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Copper in Sediments• found naturally in sediments and soils
(~10-100 mg/kg)In sediments that contain organic matter:• bound Cu in sediments is generally not bioavailable
to cause adverse effects on aquatic biota
Concentrations of Cu in sediments that can cause adverse effects are site dependent and can be best
estimated through laboratory experimentation.
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Dose Versus Exposure
CuCu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
CuCu
Cu
CuCu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
CuCu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
CuCu
Cu
CuCu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
CuCu
Cu
Cu
Cu
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Dose Versus Exposure
CuCu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
CuCu
Cu
CuCu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
CuCu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
CuCu
Cu
CuCu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
CuCu
Cu
Cu
Cu
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Copper Effects – Copper is an indiscriminant killer!
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Prop
ortio
n of sp
ecies a
ffected
Copper concentration (ug/L)
D. magna
P. subcapitata
M. aeruginosa
C. dubia
P. agardhii
H. azteca
C. dilutus
P. promelas
L. macrochirus
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Prop
ortio
n of spe
cies affe
cted
Copper concentration (ug/L)
Copper SulfatePentahydrateCutrine‐Plus
Clearigate
Algimycin
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Prop
ortio
n of spe
cies affe
cted
Copper concentration (ug/L)
Copper SulfatePentahydrateCutrine‐Plus
Clearigate
Algimycin
Cutrine-Plus
M. aeruginosa
P. subcapitata
H. azteca
C. dubia
C. dilutus
P. promelas
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Prop
ortio
n of spe
cies affe
cted
Copper concentration (ug/L)
Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate
Copper SulfatePentahydrateCutrine‐Plus
Clearigate
Algimycin
P. agardhii
M. aeruginosa
D. magna
C. dubia
P. subcapitata
C. dilutus
P. promelas
L. macrochirus
H. azteca
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Prop
ortio
n of spe
cies affe
cted
Copper concentration (ug/L)
Copper SulfatePentahydrateCutrine‐Plus
Clearigate
Algimycin
Clearigate
P. subcapitata
H. azteca
C. dubia
P. promelas
C. dilutus
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Prop
ortio
n of spe
cies affe
cted
Copper concentration (ug/L)
Copper SulfatePentahydrateCutrine‐Plus
Clearigate
Algimycin
Algimycin
D. magna
C. dubia
P. promelas
H. azteca
L. macrochirus
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Considerations for using Copper Formulations as Algaecides/Herbicides
• margin of safety for nontarget aquatic species• copper residence time in the water column• the amount of copper that gets to algal cells or
tissues of vascular plants• quality control in production• no human health risks with copper formulations
when used according to label instructions
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Copper Effects – Target species and assemblages vs. kill them
all!
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Algal Challenge “Test”
Water Sample Grow Algae“Challenge” AlgaeObserve ResponseSpecific Recommendation
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Animal SpeciesPimephales promelasCeriodaphnia dubia
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Monitor ResultsMeasure:
• Chlorophyll a• Mass (biomass)• Density• Oxygen production• Respiration• Responses of non-
target species• Residues
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Modify approach if indicated
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Copper Effects – Algae spill their guts / leaky cells happen!
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“Leaky Cell” Hypothesis
• Algae release intracellular contents (toxins) following exposure.– Copper sulfate, Algaecide (Coptrol®); water treatment chemicals (i.e. Chlorine, KMnO4, AlSO4, H2O2).
• Release following exposure not universal(?); however universally applied.– Lyngbya, Cylindrospermopsis, **Microcystis.
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Microcystin Producers
• Microcystis spp.• Anabaena spp.• Oscillatoria spp.• Planktothrix spp.• Nostoc spp.• Hapalosiphon spp.• Anabaenopsis spp.
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Kenefick et al., 1993
• Microcystis concentrated from Coal Lake• Unreplicated treatments (10.7 L) in the laboratory• Copper sulfate at “higher chemical doses than commonly used in the treatment of surface waters.” (unspecified concentrations)
• Laboratory culture• Microcystin released?
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Jones and Orr, 1994
• “Copper‐based algicides lyse cyanobacterial cells.”• Microcystis aeruginosa – reservoir in Australia• Microcystin concentration – 1,300 – 1,800 ug/L• Algaecide treatment – Coptrol ‐ “spot sprayed”• Algae controlled 2‐3 days after treatment.
– “This is the first report of measurement in situ release and degradation of cyanobacterial microcystin following algicide treatment.”
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Peterson et al., 1995
• Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae in culture medium (steady state)
• Treated with chlorine, potassium permanganate, aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, calcium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide, copper sulfate.
• Ferric chloride, copper sulfate and potassium permanganate at high concentrations caused cell membrane damage, dissolved organic carbon release, and geosmin release.
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Daly, Ho and Brookes, 2007
• M. aeruginosa cultured in laboratory• Exposed to chlorine (8 – 20 mg/L)• “Chlorine causes intact cells to lyse releasing intracellular toxin into solution.”
• “The soluble toxin (microcystin) can be destroyed by chlorine.”
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Touchette, Edwards and Alexander, 2008
• Samples of Anabaena and Microcystis evaluated in the laboratory.
• Treated with CuSO4 and PAK‐27 (SCP) at 0.15, 1.5 and 5.0 mg /L.
• Up to 1.8 ug microcystin/L was released in Cu treatments; measured release in PAK‐27 up to 1.3 ug/L.
• “It is critical that cyanobacterial blooms be approached with caution when applying chemical treatments.”
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Pawnee Reservoir, NE
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Pawnee Reservoir, NE June 2006
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Treatment ‐ 8 June 2006Cutrine ‐ Ultra
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Pawnee Reservoir, NEPost ‐Treatment
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ACTION NO ACTION
Pre‐Treatment
0
2
4
6
8
10
Action No Action
Total MicrocystinConcentration
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ACTION NO ACTION
Time of Treatment
0
2
4
6
8
10
Action No Action
Total MicrocystinConcentration
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ACTION NO ACTION
Post‐Treatment
0
2
4
6
8
10
Action No Action
Total MicrocystinConcentration
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Discussion/Conclusions
1. “Leaky cell” hypothesis is not generally applicable.
2. Even if treated cells leak toxins, risks can be avoided by treating before cell densities and toxin concentrations are excessive.
3. The decision and responsibility involves relative risk and site specific considerations.
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References• Kenefick, S.L., S.E. Hrudey, H.G. Peterson, and E.E. Prepas.
1993. Toxin release from Microcystis aeruginosa after chemical treatment. Wat. Sci. Tech. 27(3‐4): 433‐440.
• Jones, G.J., Orr, P.T. 1994. Release and degradation of microcystin following algicide treatment of a Microcystis aeruginosa bloom in a recreational lake, as determined by HPLC and protein phosphatase inhibition assay. Water Research 28(4), 871‐876.
• Peterson, H.G.; Hrudey, S.E.; Cantin, I.A.; Perley, T.R.; Kenefick, S.L. 1995. Physiological toxicity, cell membrane damage and the release of dissolved organic carbon and geosmin by Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae after exposure to water treatment chemicals. Water Research 29(6), 1515‐1523.
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• Daly, R.I., L. Ho, and J.D. Brookes. 2007. Effect of Chlorination on Microcystis aeruginosa Cell Integrity and Subsequent Release and Degradation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41: 4447‐4453.
• Touchette, B.W., C.T. Edwards and J. Alexander. 2008. A comparison of cyanotoxin release following bloom treatments with copper sulfate or sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate. In: H.K. Hudnell (ed.) Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms: State of the Science and Research Needs.Springer: New York. Pp.314‐315.
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Copper Effects – No margin of safety for nontarget species!
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Copper Effects – Sensitive life stages and behavior adversely
affected (reproduction / spawning)!
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Copper Effects on Fish Spawning and Reproductive Success
• Limited Data from Field Studies
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Field Studies - Herbicide Effects• Maceina, M.J. and J.W. Slipke. 2004. The use of
herbicides to control Hydrilla and the effects on young largemouth bass population characteristics and aquatic vegetation in Lake Seminole, Georgia. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 42: 5-11.
• Sammons, S.M. and M.J. Maceina. 2005. Effect of Aquathol K treatments on activity patterns of largemouth bass in two coves of Lake Seminole. Georgia. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 43: 17-24.
• Maceina, M.J. 2009. Spraying during the spawn. Bass Times: April 17, 2009. 3 pp.
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Field Studies - Herbicide Effects
• Maceina, M.J. et al. 2015. Angling effort on an embayment of Lake Guntersville, Alabama, before and after herbicide application. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 53: 141-143.
• Maceina, M.J. and J.W. Slipke. 2003. Response of adult largemouth bass and aquatic plants to small-scale applications of Aquathol K in Lake Seminole, Georgia. Proc. Conf. SE Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 57: 35-43.
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Copper – Olfactory Effects on Fish
• Baldwin, D.H. et al. 2011. Copper-induced olfactory toxicity in salmon and steelhead: Extrapolation across species and rearing environments. Aquat. Tox. 101: 295-297.
• Tierney, K.B. et al. 2006. Relating olfactory neurotoxicity to altered olfactory-mediated behaviors inrainbow trout exposed to three currently-used pesticides. Aquat. Tox. 81: 55-64.
• Tierney, K.B. et al. 2009. Olfactory toxicity in fishes. Aquat. Tox. 96: 2-26.
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Copper Effects – Copper bioconcentrates, bioaccumulates,
and biomagnifies!• YES• And• NO!
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Copper Effects – Algae become resistant to copper!
• No evidence from the field!• Unlikely• Why?
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Algal Resistance to Copper
• Garcia-Villada, L. et al. 2004. Occurrence of copper resistant mutants in the toxic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa: characterization and future implications in the use of copper sulphate as algaecide. Water Reaearch 38: 2207-2212.
• Rouco, M. et al. 2014. The limit of the genetic adaptation to copper in freshwater phytoplankton. Oecologia 175: 1179-1188.
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Environmental Fate and Effects of Copper
• essential micronutrient for biota• bioconcentrates and bioaccumulates when in a
bioavailable form• chemical speciation must be considered to predict
fate and effects• sensitive nontarget organisms include
invertebrates and fish• lithic biogeochemical cycle in aquatic systems
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Some Issues Associated with Use of Copper Algaecides and Herbicides
Concerns vary among states and stakeholders:
• fate and effects of copper• potential effects on endangered or threatened
species• potential effects on species of economic concern• accumulation of copper in sediments and
bioavailability of copper residues
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Observations• No decision is a decision. However, no
decision does not = zero risk.• Multiple treatments and monitoring are often
required (management).• Success of treatments often depends on
applicator skill and equipment.• Timing of treatments can be important (less
density, higher dissolved oxygen, etc.)• Risk assessment can help to focus
decisions.
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THANK YOU!• And a special thanks to AERF!