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Copies of this and related papers are available at:WWW.TEENRESEARCH.ORG
Erin M. MigaDavid SzwedoJoanna ChangoMegan Schad
Joseph P. Allen, Ph.D.
Presentation for the Biennial Meeting of the
Society for Research on AdolescencePhiladelphia, PAMarch 12, 2010
Associations Between Observed Romantic Partner Conflict Negotiations & Psychopathology Over
Time
Autonomy and Influence:
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Why are Relationship Processes Worth Studying?
Poor relationship quality :
weakened immune functioning heightened stress responses internalizing symptoms partner aggression (Barnett, Steptoe, & Garies, 2005; Coan, Babcock,
Gottman, & Jacobson, 1997; Whisman & Beach, 2001)
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Why are Relationship Processes Worth Studying?
Gottman’s (1994) Four horsemen of the apocalypse: Divorce Relationship distress
Stonewalling
Belligerence
ContemptDefensiveness
Criticism
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Why are Relationship Processes Worth Studying?
Gottman’s models have failed to replicate, in sample of at-risk dating couples (Kim, Capaldi, & Crosby, 2007).
Little research has examined Gottman’s Horsemen in relation to internalizing distress and jealousy
Jealousy: Particularly prevalent among shorter-term relationships(Knox, Zusman,
Mabon, & Shriver, 1999).
Often misconstrued as sign of love
Linked to partner aggression, relationship control
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Research Questions
Part 1: Are Gottman’s horsemen predictive of internalizing distress in our young adult dating sample?
Part 2: Are power struggles in the romantic context predictive of internalizing distress over time?
Part 3: Are early adolescent peer autonomy processes predictive of romantic relationship qualities in young adulthood?
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Sample
89 Adolescents, their peers, and romantic partners
46% male, 54% female, 40% non-white, Median family income:$40-60, 000
Teens (M age= 22.49)
Teens (M age=14.21)Peers (M age=14.22)Friends for avg. of
4.42 years
Teens (M age=20.85)Partners (M age=22.18)
In relationship for avg. of22.17 months
Time 1 Time 3 Time 2
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Part 1: Measures
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Part 1: Intra- psychic Implications of Partner Conflict
Internalizing Symptoms
Horsemen
Jealous Symptoms
Teen Age 20 Teen- partner conflict
Teen Age 22 Individual functioning
+
+
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Gender
Income
Teen Age 20 Teen Age 22
Note. * p < .05, **p <.01, ***p <.001.
1 results after controlling for baseline Jealousy2 results after controlling for baseline self worth
Teen Belligerence
Teen Jealousy1
(R2=.20*)
Teen Jealousy.26***
.37***
Teen Self Worth2
(R2=.31***)Teen Self Worth
.35**
-.27*
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Gender
Income
Teen Age 20 Teen Age 22
Note. * p < .05, **p <.01, ***p <.001.
1 results after controlling for baseline jealousy
PartnerBelligerence
Teen Jealousy1
(R2=.16*)
Teen Jealousy.26***
.33**
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Gender
Income
Teen Age 20 Teen Age 22
Note. * p < .05, **p <.01, ***p <.001.
1 results after controlling for baseline Jealousy2 results after controlling for baseline self worth
PartnerCriticism
Teen Jealousy1
(R2=.12)
Teen Jealousy.26***
.23*
Teen Self Worth2
(R2=.33***)
-.30**
.35**Teen Self Worth
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2 of the 5 most corrosive affects, Belligerence and Criticism, predict increases in internalizing
distress
Part 1: Conclusions
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Part 2:
Intra-psychic Implications
of the
Demand-Withdraw Pattern
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Power Struggles
Demand-withdraw pattern: depressive symptoms partner aggression relationship dissolution( Berns & Jacobson, 1999; Byrne, Carr & Clark, 2004;
Christensen & Shenk, 1991).
Specific links found between demands and internalizing distress
Little research on long-term outcomes
of withdrawal during relationship conflict
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Key Question:
Who fares worse over time:
the demander or the withdrawer?
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Teen Jealousy1
(R2=.29**)
Partner Domineering
TeenStonewalling
Note. * p < .05, **p <.01, ***p <.001.
1 results after controlling for baseline jealousy
Teen Age 20
Teen Age 22
Teen Jealousy
.26***
.42***
Income
Gender
X
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Teen Anxiousand
Depressive Symptoms
(R2=.17*)
Partner Domineering
TeenStonewalling
Note. * p < .05, p <.01, ***p <.001.
Teen Age 20
Teen Age 22
.33**
Gender
Income
X
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Part 2: Conclusions
Demand -Withdraw patterns among young adult dating couples predictive of internalizing distress over time.
Does “demander” or “withdrawer” appear to experience more distress over time?
Withdrawer
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Part 3: Precursors of Relationship Qualities
Peer relations: a salient developmental task play a role in romantic relationship formation in
adolescence and emergent adulthood(Collins, 2003)
Externalizing, autonomy undermining behaviors in peer relations previously associated with: Physical and relational partner aggression(Capaldi, Dishion, Dishion, Stoolmiller &Yoerger, 2001; Schad, Szwedo, Antonishak, Hare,
& Allen, 2008)
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Precursors of Relationship Qualities
Autonomy Processes
Positive and Negative Romantic
Qualities
Early Adolescent Peer Relations
Young Adult Romantic Functioning
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Measures
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Measures
Outcomes:
Specific Affect Coding System (SPAFF) (Coan & Gottman, 2007; Gottman & Krokoff, 1989) -Teen age 20
18 dimensions (Teen and Partner-High and Low Negative/Positive affects)
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-.26**
Gender
Income
Teen Age 14Peer Context
Teen Age 20Romantic Context
Note. * p < .05, p <.01, ***p <.001.
Teen and peer’s autonomy promoting behavior during conflict predicts lower levels of autonomy undermining affect during partner conflict 6 years later
Teen Positive Autonomy
& Relatedness
DyadicBelligerence
& Stonewallingduring Partner
Conflict
(R2=.08)
Peer’s Use ofReasoning
-.26**
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Conclusions
Adaptive friendship processes may play a role in reducing relationship distress over time.
Some emotions only matter in a dyadic context.
Withdrawal during partner conflict : greater risk factor than demand behavior amongst our dating couples.
Copies of this and related papers are available at:WWW.TEENRESEARCH.ORG
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Limitations & Future Directions
Modest sample size
Community sample
Need to examine specific sequences of teen-partner behavior
Need to more closely examine function of withdrawal behavior
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Implications
Similar to marital relationships, Demand-Withdraw patterns in dating relationships: exist are predictive of distress over time
Intervene with couples during emergent adulthood, before marriage.
Highlights importance of an intervention such as
Emotionally Focused Marital Therapy (Johnson & Greenberg, 1985).
Copies of this and related papers are available at:WWW.TEENRESEARCH.ORG
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Acknowledgments
I’d like to thank my collaborators:
Joseph P. Allen Jim Coan J.P. Laurenceau
Joanna Chango Megan Schad Amanda Hare
Megan Ice Emily Marston Dave Szwedo
Alex Carroll Joanna Stokes Amanda Letard
GW Garrett Sam Breslin Mandy Daily
Katy Higgins Jen Heliste Allison Knee
I would also like to thank the National Institute of Mental Health ( Grant # R01-MH58066) and the National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (Grant # 9R01HD058305-11A1) for funding awarded to J.P. Allen, Principal Investigator to conduct and write –up this research project.