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Intestinal Microbiota During LifeIntestinal Microbiota During Life
Patricia ConwayPatricia Conway
The University of New South WalesThe University of New South Wales
Sydney, AustraliaSydney, Australia
OverviewOverview
Acquisition in the newbornAcquisition in the newborn Factors affecting the infant microbiotaFactors affecting the infant microbiota Describe the successive developmentDescribe the successive development Factors affecting the adult microbiotaFactors affecting the adult microbiota
Maternal and environmental eg hospital, siblings, pets AcquisitionAcquisition
Infant gut
Cabrera-Rubio et al , 2012
Bacterial taxonomic composition of human breast milk
Bacterial families (left) and genera (right) pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA.
Col 1 month 6 months
Vagina Non-elective Elective
Colostrum Breast milk
Vagina Non-elective Elective
(NW= normal weight; OW=overweight)
Ward et al, 2013
The percent of sequences assigned to each phyla according to MG-RAST (maximum e-value of1x10-5, minimum identity of 60%, and minimum alignment length of 45 bp)
Best hit comparison of bacterial phyla in human milk,infants’ feces and mothers’ feces.
Utilization of human milk oligosaccharides by bifidobacteria
B. longum subsp infantis: Infant strainOthers: Adult strains
Sela & Mills, 2010
Bifidobacteria in breast milk: link with Bifidobacteria in breast milk: link with allergy/atopy of the mothersallergy/atopy of the mothers
(Groenlund et al. Clinical & Exp Allergy 2007; 37: 1764 – 1772)et al. Clinical & Exp Allergy 2007; 37: 1764 – 1772)
Maternal breastmilk Bifi counts Maternal breastmilk Bifi counts impacted the infants fecal Bifi impacted the infants fecal Bifi
levelslevels(p = 0.013)(p = 0.013)
Breastmilk bacteria: an Breastmilk bacteria: an important source of bacteria in important source of bacteria in the establishment of infantile the establishment of infantile
intestinal microbiotaintestinal microbiota
Allergic mothers (atopic or non-atopic) Allergic mothers (atopic or non-atopic) have significantly fewer bifidobacteria have significantly fewer bifidobacteria in breastmilkin breastmilk
OverviewOverview
Acquisition in the newbornAcquisition in the newborn
Factors affecting the infant microbiotaFactors affecting the infant microbiota Describe the successive developmentDescribe the successive development Factors affecting the adult microbiotaFactors affecting the adult microbiota
Microbiota at various sites for mother and infant
Impact of gestation time
Figure 3. Changes in proportion of bacterial phyla.Figure 3. Changes in proportion of bacterial phyla.
Mai V, Young CM, Ukhanova M, Wang X, et al. (2011) Fecal Microbiota in Premature Infants Prior to Necrotizing Enterocolitis. PLoS ONE 6(6): e20647. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020647http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0020647
Fecal microbiota in preterms prior to NEC
Microbiota of infants in Europe & AfricaMicrobiota of infants in Europe & Africa
Impact of antibiotics & diet on microbiotaImpact of antibiotics & diet on microbiota
Colicky Infants
Window of sensitivity Window of sensitivity around 4-6 months of age around 4-6 months of age
Gut microbiota pivotal role in maturation of immune system
Infants of 6 to 11 months old are more Infants of 6 to 11 months old are more prone to diarrhea than older childrenprone to diarrhea than older children
(Kosek, WHO Bulletin, 2003)
Microbiota and the emerging pandemic of NCDs(Non-Communicable Diseases)
NCDs: Allergy, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, mental health and auto-immune diseases
Life style choices
Health
NCDs
OverviewOverview
Acquisition in the newbornAcquisition in the newborn Factors affecting the infant microbiotaFactors affecting the infant microbiota
Describe the successive developmentDescribe the successive development Factors affecting the adult microbiotaFactors affecting the adult microbiota
The function of our microbiota: who is out there and what do they do?Ottman et al (2012) Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol (doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00104)
Mariat et al, 2009
Change in major bacteria groups in the elderly - Can induce an inflammatory response
Magrone and Jirillo, 2013
OverviewOverview
Acquisition in the newbornAcquisition in the newborn Factors affecting the infant microbiotaFactors affecting the infant microbiota Describe the successive developmentDescribe the successive development
Factors affecting the adult microbiotaFactors affecting the adult microbiota
Factors Impacting on Adult Gut Microbiota
• Life style choices• Medications• Diet• Stressors • Age• Institution care or home living• Dental health• Infection• Hygiene• Sanitization• Urban/rural
Diversity differences linked to age and culture
Luzupone et al 2012
USA & Europe
Phylum/order-like phylogroups to the microbiota of varying agesPhylum/order-like phylogroups to the microbiota of varying ages
Biagi E, Nylund L, Candela M, Ostan R, et al. (2010) Through Ageing, and Beyond: Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Status in Seniors and Centenarians. PLoS ONE 5(5): e10667. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010667
C = centenariansE = elderlyY = young adults
Microbiota composition and plasma levels of pro-inflammatory Microbiota composition and plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinescytokines..
Biagi E, Nylund L, Candela M, Ostan R, et al. (2010) Through Ageing, and Beyond: Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Status in Seniors and Centenarians. PLoS ONE 5(5): e10667. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010667http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0010667
Green = centenarians (C)Blue = elderly/senior (S)Yellow = young (Y)
MJ Claesson et al. Nature (2012), 1-7
Microbiota analysis separates elderly subjects based upon where they live in the community.
Green = community; Yellow = day hospital; orange = rehabilitationred = long stay care; purple = young healthy controls.
MJ Claesson et al. Nature (2012) (doi:10.1038/nature11319)
Transition in microbiota composition across residence location is mirrored by changes in health indices.
Clustered according to residence locationComposition correlates with:
- frailty- nutrition- markers of inflammation- metabolism
SUMMARY
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