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Control of bean thrips in navel oranges using ethyl formate
fumigation for export to Australia
Beth Mitcham , Veronique BikobaBill Biasi, and Francine PupinDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of California, Davis
Joseph Morse, UC RiversideIn cooperation with:
Kathie Blyskal and Alfred Hanson, Sunkist GrowersThe Linde Group
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Ethyl Formate
• Natural plant volatile
• Registered for use in Australia and New Zealand by Linde Corporation as VapormateTM in formulation with CO2
• Previously registered in US for control of insect pests in raisins, but registration expired in the 1980’s
• Registration is being pursued by Linde Corporation
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Laboratory System for VapormateTM Fumigation
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LaboratoryFumigation System
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Mortality of Bean Thrips after 1 hour VapormateTM Fumigation of Navel Oranges
Lab Tests
Treatment
Rep
Conc. EF (%)
Untreated Control
Vapormate
1 1 1.5%
n =66
100%
n = 177
2 1 0%
n = 50
100%
n = 115
3 1 14.5%
n = 62
100%
n = 320
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Lab Test Methods
• 1 hour fumigation with 1% Vapormate at 50°F
• Evaluations: – Initial– after 3 wks storage @ 41°F– after 5 days @ 55°F– after 2 days @ 68°F
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TA % Residues (ppb) Soluble Solids %
0
2
8
10
12Control - 3 weeks @ 41ºFA: Vapormate + 3 weeks @ 41ºF B: 3 weeks @ 41ºF + Vapormate Control - 3 weeks @ 41ºF + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF(A) + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF (B) + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF
a ab abc bc cabc
a
a
b
abab ab
c ccb
abab
a
Laboratory Test
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Peel Damage Incidence (%)
Peel Damage Severity (1 to 6)
Mold Incidence (%)0
1
2
3
4
5Control - 3 weeks @ 41ºF A: Vapormate (1.22.2009) + 3 weeks @ 41ºF B: 3 weeks @ 41ºF + Vapormate (2.12.2009) Control - 3 weeks @ 41ºF+ 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF(A) + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF (B) + 5d @ 55ºF + 2d @ 68ºF
b b
b b
a
ab
a a a a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
1=none; 2=very slight; 3= slight damage; 4= moderate damage
Laboratory Test
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No damage (1) Very slight damage (2)
Slight damage (3) Moderate damage (4)
Severe damage (5) Very severe damage (6)
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Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage
Orange Cove/Sanger Navels-LabQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
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Gillete Navels-LabQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage
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Harding & Legget Navels-LabQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage
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Small Degreening Rooms at Sunkist Growers
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Semi-Commercial Test Method
• 1% Vapormate for 1 hour at 50°F
• Evaluations: – Initial– after 3 wks storage @ 41°F– after 5 days @ 55°F– after 2 days @ 68°F
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Mortality of Bean Thrips after 1 hour Fumigation with VapormateTM
Sunkist Test
Conc. EF (%)
Untreated Control
Vapormate
1 13.7%
n = 145
100%
n = 417
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TA % Residues (ppb) Soluble Solids %
0
2
10
12
14Control Initial Vapormate Initial Control 3 weeks at 41ºF Vapormate 3 weeks at 41ºFControl 3 weeks at 41ºF + 12 d at 55ºF + 2 d at 68ºFVapormate 3 weeks at 41ºF + 12 d at 55ºF + 2 d at 68ºF
bc cabc a ab a
ab ab abb
aa
b b
ab b
a a
Sunkist Test
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Peel Damage Incidence (%)
Peel Damage Severity (1-6)
Mold Incidence (%)0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Control Initial Vapormate Initial Control 3 weeks at 41ºFVapormate 3 weeks at 41ºFControl 3 weeks at 41ºF + 12 d at 55ºF + 2 d at 68ºFVapormate 3 weeks at 41ºF + 12 d at 55ºF+ 2d at 68ºF
a
a
a
aa
a
a aa aa a
aa
a
* * *
* ND
Sunkist Test
1=none; 2=very slight; 3= slight damage; 4= moderate damage
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Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage
Villa Park – Semi-Commercial TestQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
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Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage
San Antonio – Semi-Commercial TestQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
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Untreated Control Fumigate Before Storage Fumigate After Storage
Golden Valley – Semi-Commercial TestQuality Evaluated after 3 wks @ 41Fplus 5 days @ 55F & 2 days @ 68F
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Mandarin Lab Test Methodsto Determine Fruit Tolerance
• 1 hour fumigation with 1.5% Vapormate at 50°F
• 8 replications of control and 16 replications for Vapormate trt.
• 3 weeks shelf life at 68°F with weekly visual evaluation
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W. Murcott Mandarin Tolerance to Vapormate (1.5%)
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Year 3• Commercial trials
– Treat fruit in packed boxes with static fumigation in marine container
– Confirm bean thrips mortality with large number of insects
– Confirm fruit tolerance with many grower sources
• Develop mortality curves for adult bean thrips
• Prepare report for APHIS
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Vapormate Delivery System
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Potential for Vapormate• Needs to be registered in U.S.
or
• Needs to be approved for bean thrips control in Australia and New Zealand– Already registered there– Develop efficacy data for review– True of other alternative fumigants as well.
• GRAS compound
• Effective against Light Brown Apple Moth
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EF concentration (%)
Instar 0.75% 1.5% 3.0%
First 99.8 100 100
Second 98.8 100 100
Third 99.9 100 100
Mature third 99.5 100 100
Mortality of the California Red Scale (Aonidiella aurantii) 3 weeks after a
3-hour Fumigation with Ethyl Formate
Y. Aharoni, Y. Nitzan, and A. Copel. (1987) Tropical Science (27) 155-157.
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Questions??